@mastersthesis {12575,
	title = {Population dynamics and ecophysiology of fraser fir (Abies fraseri) in the high elevation forests in the southern Appalachian mountains},
	volume = {Doctor of Philosophy},
	year = {2015},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Ecology, Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4814\&context=utk_graddiss},
	author = {Kaylor, Steven Douglas}
}
@article {11884,
	title = {Buellia sharpiana (Physciaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes), Another New Species from the Great Smoky Mountains of Eastern North America},
	journal = {Castanea},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	month = {June},
	pages = {148-153},
	publisher = {Southern Appalachian Botanical Society},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Fungi -- Classification and description, Mount Le Conte, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2179/13-002},
	author = {Lendemer, James C and Harris, Richard C}
}
@article {12079,
	title = {Cladonia Appalachensis, Belated Description of a Southern Appalachian Lichen Endemic from the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Opuscula Philolichenum},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {17-22},
	publisher = {James C. Lendemer},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Lichens, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://sweetgum.nybg.org/webmedia.php?irn=1031477 },
	author = {Lendemer, James C and Harris, Richard C}
}
@article {5149,
	title = {Regeneration responses to exogenous disturbance gradients in southern Appalachian Picea-Abies forests},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {289},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Tables},
	month = {February},
	pages = {98-105},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Soil acidity, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Stehn, Sarah E and Jenkins, Michael A and Webster, Christopher R and Jose, Shibu}
}
@article {5147,
	title = {Microbial community diversity and composition across a gradient of soil acidity in spruce-fir forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains},
	journal = {Applied Soil Ecology},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Maps, Tables, Illustrations},
	month = {October},
	pages = {60-68},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Soil acidity, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Bardhan, Sougata and Jose, Shibu and Jenkins, Michael A and Webster, Christopher R and Udawatta, Ranjith P and Stehn, Sarah E}
}
@article {11880,
	title = {Carabidae (Ground Beetle) Species Composition of Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Southeastern Naturalist},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	month = {December},
	pages = {591-608},
	publisher = {Eagle Hill Institute},
	keywords = {Beetles, Bradley Fork, Spruce-Fir forests, Trails},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1656/058.010.0402},
	author = {Ortiz, Carmen Chavez and Browne, Robert A}
}
@article {4891,
	title = {Ground-layer Bryophyte Communities of Post-adelgid Picea-Abies Forests},
	journal = {Southeastern Naturalist},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	pages = {435-452},
	publisher = {Eagle Hill Institute},
	chapter = {435},
	address = {Steuben, ME},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Liverworts, Mosses, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1656/058.009.0303},
	author = {Stehn, Sarah E and Webster, Christopher R and Glime, Janice M and Jenkins, Michael A}
}
@article {11893,
	title = {Genetic Structure of Southern Appalachian {\textquotedblleft}Sky Island{\textquotedblright} Populations of the Southern Red-backed Vole (Myodes gapperi)},
	journal = {Journal of Mammology},
	volume = {88},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	month = {June},
	pages = {759-768},
	publisher = {American Society of Mammalogists},
	keywords = {Mammals -- Classification and description, Rodents, Spruce-Fir forests},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-049R1.1},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1644/06-MAMM-A-049R1.1},
	author = {Browne, Robert A and Ferree, Patrick Michael}
}
@article {6112,
	title = {Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics along a Climatic Gradient in a Southern Appalachian Spruce-fir Forest},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2007},
	month = {July},
	pages = {1161-1172},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Tewksbury, C. E and Van Miegroet, Helga}
}
@article {5216,
	title = {Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics Along a Climatic Gradient in a Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Maps, Tables},
	month = {July},
	pages = {1161-1172},
	publisher = {NRC Research Press},
	keywords = {Climate, Clingmans Dome, Ecosystem, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Tewksbury, C. E and Van Miegroet, Helga}
}
@article {5721,
	title = {Changes in the Great Smoky Mountains Fraser Fir Forest (1990-2000)},
	year = {2004},
	month = {October},
	institution = {University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/changesingreatsm00manc},
	author = {Mancusi, Michael R and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {4901,
	title = {Phylogeography of Masked (Sorex cinereus) and Smoky Shrews (Sorex fumeus) in the Southern Appalachians},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {October},
	pages = {875-885},
	publisher = {American Society of Mammalogists},
	chapter = {875},
	address = {Lawrence, KS},
	keywords = {Fauna, Fauna -- Population densities, Mammals, Moles and shrews, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Sipe, Tavis W and Browne, Robert A}
}
@mastersthesis {5720,
	title = {Structural Changes in the Red Spruce-Fraser Fir Forest},
	year = {2004},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Forests, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3262/},
	author = {Mancusi, Michael R}
}
@book {6075,
	title = {Code Red: America{\textquoteright}s Five Most Polluted National Parks},
	year = {2002},
	note = {32 page booklet includes information on the Smokies as one of the five most polluted national parks.  },
	publisher = {Appalachian Voices, National Parks Conservation Association, Our Children{\textquoteright}s Earth Foundation},
	organization = {Appalachian Voices, National Parks Conservation Association, Our Children{\textquoteright}s Earth Foundation},
	keywords = {Air pollution, Ozone, Pollution, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Ayers, Harvard and Oakes, Joy}
}
@article {10399,
	title = {Mountains of Color},
	journal = {National Parks},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2001},
	month = {September/October},
	pages = {32-34},
	keywords = {Hiking, Roads, Spruce-Fir forests, Tourism -- Promotion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=QRo2ltusuq4C\&pg=PA32\&dq=national+parks+magazines\&source=gbs_toc_r\&cad=2$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Manning, Russ}
}
@mastersthesis {4682,
	title = {Coarse Woody Debris and Nutrient Dynamics in a Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest},
	volume = {Master of Science},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Illustrations and maps.},
	month = {August},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville, Tenn.},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Ecology, Noland Divide Watershed, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Trees -- Growth},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3283/},
	author = {Rose, Anita Kristine}
}
@article {6214,
	title = {Notice of Availability of the Technical/Agency Draft Recovery Plan for the Spruce-fir Moss Spider (Microhexura montivaga)},
	journal = {Federal Register Volume 63, Issue 12},
	year = {1998},
	month = {January 20},
	publisher = {U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {Spiders, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/FR-1998-01-20/98-1232/content-detail.html},
	author = {Harp, Joel}
}
@article {3655,
	title = {Acidic Deposition, Ecosystem Processes, and Nitrogen Saturation in a High Elevation Southern Appalachian Watershed},
	journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {85},
	year = {1995},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1647-1652},
	keywords = {Air particles -- Deposition, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Watersheds},
	author = {Nodvin, Stephen C and Van Miegroet, Helga and Lindberg, Steven E and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Johnson, Dale W}
}
@article {4906,
	title = {A New Southern Appalachian Species, Dasycerus bicolor (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Dasycerinae) from Declining Endemic Fir Forests},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Illustrations},
	month = {September},
	pages = {265-271},
	publisher = {The Coleopterists Society},
	chapter = {265},
	keywords = {Beetles, Fauna, Fraser fir, Insects, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Wheeler, Q. D and McHugh, J. V}
}
@inbook {4790,
	title = {Characterization of Eastern U.S. Spruce-Fir Soils},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {40-63},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Fernandez, Ivan J}
}
@article {3650,
	title = {A Comparison of Overstory Community Structure in Three Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club},
	volume = {119},
	year = {1992},
	note = {<p>Maps</p>},
	month = {July-September},
	pages = {316-332},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Zedaker, Shephard M and Eagar, Christopher C}
}
@inbook {4789,
	title = {Condition and Recent Trends in High-Elevation Red Spruce Populations},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {125-191},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Peart, David R and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Zedaker, Shephard M and Miller-Weeks, Margaret M and Siccama, Thomas G}
}
@inbook {4788,
	title = {The Dendroecology of Red Spruce Decline},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {192-231},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {Climate, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Cook, Edward R and Zedaker, Shephard M}
}
@inbook {4786,
	title = {The Effects of Atmospheric Deposition and Ozone on Carbon Allocation and Associated Physiological Processes in Red Spruce},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {338-382},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {Climate, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {McLaughlin, Samuel B and Kohut, Robert J}
}
@conference {5114,
	title = {Nitrate and Sulfate Export from a Great Smoky Mountains Spruce-Fir Watershed},
	booktitle = {Fifth Tennessee Water Resources Symposium},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Extended Abstract; Illustrations},
	pages = {66-72},
	publisher = {American Water Resources Association  - Tennessee Section},
	organization = {American Water Resources Association  - Tennessee Section},
	address = {Nashville, TN},
	keywords = {Bodies of water, Ecology, Flora, Noland Divide Watershed, Precipitation, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Nodvin, Stephen C and Williams, Ellen M}
}
@proceedings {5344,
	title = {Nitrate Export from a Great Smoky Mountain Spruce-Fir Watershed},
	journal = {Third Annual Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Conference},
	year = {1992},
	month = {November},
	pages = {22},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Bodies of water, Soil acidity, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Williams, Ellen M and Nodvin, Stephen C}
}
@article {4986,
	title = {Seasonal variation in nitrate reductase activity in needles of high-elevation red spruce trees},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {22},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Tables},
	pages = {375-380},
	publisher = {NRC Research Press},
	address = {Ottawa, Ontario, Canada},
	keywords = {Pollution, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Tjoelker, Mark G and McLaughlin, Samuel B and DiCosty, R. J and Lindberg, Steven E and Norby, R. J}
}
@inbook {4787,
	title = {Soil Mediated Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Eastern U.S. Spruce-Fir Forests},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {235-270},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {Climate, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Johnson, Dale W and Fernandez, Ivan J}
}
@inbook {4785,
	title = {Spruce-fir Forests of Eastern North America},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3-39},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Logging, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	isbn = {0-387-97786-4},
	author = {White, Peter S and Cogbill, Charles V}
}
@article {6154,
	title = {High-Elevation Forest Soils of the Southern Appalachians:  I.  Distribution of Parent Materials and Soil-Landscape Relationships},
	journal = {Soil Science Society of America Journal},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {1629-1637},
	keywords = {Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {S. B Feldman and L. W Zelazny and J. C Baker}
}
@article {6153,
	title = {High-Elevation Forest Soils of the Southern Appalachians:  II. Geomorphology, Pedogenesis, and Clay Mineralogy},
	journal = {Soil Science Society of America Journal},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1991},
	month = {November/December},
	pages = {1782-1791},
	keywords = {Minerals, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {S. B Feldman and L. W Zelazny and J. C Baker}
}
@article {4759,
	title = {The Latitude-Elevation Relationship for Spruce-Fir Forest and Treeline along the Appalachian Mountain Chain},
	journal = {Vegetatio},
	volume = {94},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {July},
	pages = {153-175},
	keywords = {Climate, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Cogbill, Charles V and White, Peter S}
}
@article {6291,
	title = {The Reliability of Tree Crown Position},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {21},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {689-701},
	keywords = {Forest canopy, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees},
	author = {Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Gregoire, T. G and Zedaker, Shephard M}
}
@proceedings {5364,
	title = {Forest Decline and Regeneration Success of the Great Smoky Mountains Spruce-Fir},
	journal = {First Annual Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Conference},
	year = {1990},
	month = {November},
	pages = {44},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth, Trees -- Growth decline},
	author = {Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Zedaker, Shephard M}
}
@proceedings {5362,
	title = {Nitrogen Dynamics in High-Elevation Spruce Sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {First Annual Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Conference},
	year = {1990},
	month = {November},
	pages = {42},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Van Miegroet, Helga and Johnson, Dale W and Todd, Donald E and Goodlaxson, J.  D}
}
@proceedings {5363,
	title = {The Relationship Between Stand Age and Soil Nitrate Levels in High Elevation Red Spruce},
	journal = {First Annual Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Conference},
	year = {1990},
	month = {November},
	pages = {43},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Mount Le Conte, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Joslin, J. D and Wolfe, Mark H and Robarge, W. P and Smithson, P.  A}
}
@article {4655,
	title = {Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis and Respiration of Red Spruce Saplings from Two Elevations in Declining Southern Appalachian Stands},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {485-495},
	keywords = {Air pollution, Clingmans Dome, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {McLaughlin, Samuel B and Andersen, Christian P and Edwards, N. T and Roy, W. Kelly and Layton, P. A}
}
@inbook {2868,
	title = {Assessment of Forest Decline in the Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest, USA},
	booktitle = {Air Pollution and Forest Decline: Proceedings of the 14th International Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems, International Union of Forest Research O},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {239-44},
	publisher = {Eidgen{\"o}ssische Anstalt f{\"u}r das forstliche Versuchswesen},
	organization = {Eidgen{\"o}ssische Anstalt f{\"u}r das forstliche Versuchswesen},
	address = {Birmensdorf, Switzerland},
	keywords = {Pollution, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth decline},
	author = {Zedaker, Shephard M and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Eagar, Christopher C}
}
@mastersthesis {4868,
	title = {Does Rubus Canadensis Interfere with The Growth of Fraser Fir Seedlings?},
	year = {1989},
	note = {Maps, Tables, Figures, Illustrations},
	month = {May},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Blackberries, Fraser fir, Mount Collins, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1454},
	author = {Pauley, Eric F}
}
@article {12457,
	title = {Nitrogen Mineralization in High Elevation Forests of the Appalachians. I. Regional Patterns in Southern Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Biogeochemistry},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1989},
	month = {March},
	pages = {131-145},
	publisher = {Springer},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Strader, Russell H and Binkley, Dan and Wells, Carol G}
}
@proceedings {6188,
	title = {Albany II: An Update on Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Site and Stand Characteristics},
	journal = {The Second Workshop on Integration of Red Spruce Biological Data with Atmospheric Data},
	year = {1988},
	month = {December 1-2},
	pages = {15},
	publisher = {Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University},
	address = {Albany, NY},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Zedaker, Shephard M and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {5612,
	title = {Analyses of Great Smoky Mountain Red Spruce Tree Ring Data},
	year = {1988},
	publisher = {U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station},
	address = {New Orleans, La.},
	keywords = {Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Vegetation monitoring},
	issn = {General Technical Report SO 69},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951d02987042l},
	author = {Van Deusen, Paul C.}
}
@article {4680,
	title = {A Fractal Approach to Analysis of Tree Ring Increments},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {40-56},
	institution = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth decline},
	issn = {SO-69},
	url = {http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_so069.pdf},
	author = {Taylor, R. A. J}
}
@article {3072,
	title = {Fraser Fir Mortality and the Dynamics of a Great Smoky Mountains Fir-Spruce Stand},
	journal = {Castanea},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1988},
	month = {September},
	pages = {177-182},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Busing, Richard T and Clebsch, Edward E. C}
}
@mastersthesis {6639,
	title = {Growth Patterns of Red Spruce Populations in Two Spruce-Fir Forest Stands in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1988},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Master of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Ecology, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3289/},
	author = {Wu, Xinyuan}
}
@article {3779,
	title = {Land Use History of Three Spruce-Fir Forest Sites in Southern Appalachia},
	journal = {Journal of Forest History},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1988},
	note = {<p>Illustrations, Maps</p>},
	month = {January},
	pages = {4-21},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Early exploration, Fraser fir, Grassy balds, History, Indian Gap, Logging, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Tourism},
	author = {Schafale, Michael P and Pyle, Charlotte}
}
@article {4677,
	title = {Southern Appalachian Red Spruce--Fraser Fir Forests},
	year = {1988},
	note = {Map},
	pages = {2-6},
	institution = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	issn = {SO-69},
	url = {http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_so069.pdf},
	author = {Groton, Elizabeth and Eagar, Christopher C}
}
@article {3073,
	title = {Two Decades of Change in a Great Smoky Mountains Spruce-Fir Forest},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club},
	volume = {115},
	year = {1988},
	month = {January-March},
	pages = {25-31},
	keywords = {Forest canopy, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Busing, Richard T and Clebsch, Edward E. C and Eagar, Christopher C and Pauley, Eric F}
}
@article {4628,
	title = {Application of a Spruce-Fir Forest Canopy Gap Model},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Illustrations},
	pages = {151-169},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Mount Collins, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Busing, Richard T and Clebsch, Edward E. C}
}
@article {12454,
	title = {Cellular Slime Molds of Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Castanea},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1987},
	month = {September},
	pages = {180-185},
	publisher = {Southern Appalachian Botanical Society},
	keywords = {Mount Collins, Slime molds, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Stephenson, Steven L and Landolt, John C}
}
@proceedings {5549,
	title = {Proceedings Fourth Annual Gatlinburg Acid Rain Conference},
	journal = {Gatlinburg Acid Rain Conference},
	year = {1987},
	month = {October},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority },
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air pollution, Forests, Ozone, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Olem, Harvey and Tennessee Valley Authority}
}
@book {4659,
	title = {Wood-rotting Aphyllophorales of the Southern Appalachian Spruce-fir Forest},
	series = {Bibliotheca Mycologica},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Illustrations},
	publisher = { J. Cramer},
	organization = { J. Cramer},
	address = {Berlin},
	keywords = {Ecology, Fungi -- Classification and description, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests},
	author = {Jung, Hack Sung}
}
@proceedings {6015,
	title = {Abstracts of the Twelfth Annual Scientific Research Meeting},
	journal = {Annual Scientific Research Meeting-The Uplands Areas of the Southeast Region, National Park Service},
	year = {1986},
	month = {May 22-23},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Air pollution, Birds, Cades Cove, Geology, Spruce-Fir forests, Vegetation monitoring, Water quality, White-tailed deer},
	author = {Wood, James D}
}
@proceedings {5532,
	title = {Proceedings Third Annual Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians},
	journal = {Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1986},
	month = {December},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Forests, Geology, Ozone, Soil acidity, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth decline, Water pollution},
	author = {Olem, Harvey and Tennessee Valley Authority}
}
@article {6330,
	title = {A Critique on Overstory/Understory Comparisons Based on Transition Probability Analysis of an Old-Growth Spruce-Fir Stand in the Appalachians},
	journal = {Vegetatio},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1985},
	month = {December},
	pages = {37-45},
	keywords = {Forests, Forests -- Old growth, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {White, Peter S and Mackenzie, Mark D and Busing, Richard T}
}
@mastersthesis {4760,
	title = {A Floristic and Taxonomic Study of the Wood-rotting Aphyllophorales of the Spruce-fir Forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Parl},
	year = {1985},
	note = {Illustrations and maps},
	month = {December},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {PhD in Philosophy},
	address = {Knoxville, Tennessee},
	keywords = {Flora -- Classification and description, Fungi, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1598/},
	author = {Jung, Hack Sung}
}
@mastersthesis {12663,
	title = {A Floristic and Taxonomic Study of the Wood-Rotting Aphyllophorales of the Spruce-Fir Forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	volume = {Ph. D},
	year = {1985},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Flora, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Classification and description},
	author = {Jung, Hack Sung}
}
@mastersthesis {4683,
	title = {Gap and Stand Dynamics of a Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest},
	volume = {Doctor of Philosophy},
	year = {1985},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {Ph.D.},
	address = {Knoxville, Tenn.},
	keywords = {Botany, Forests -- Old growth, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth decline},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3386/},
	author = {Busing, Richard T}
}
@article {4783,
	title = {History of Disturbance in Spruce-fir Forests of the SARRMC Intensive Study Sites -- Mt. Rogers National Recreation Area, Black Mountains, and Great Smoky Mountains},
	year = {1985},
	month = {December 13},
	institution = {Southern Appalachian Spruce-fir Ecosystem Assessment Program},
	keywords = {Climate, Ecosystem, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids, Yellow birch},
	author = {Pyle, Charlotte and Schafale, Michael P}
}
@mastersthesis {5342,
	title = {Investigations of Balsam Woolly Aphid-Fraser Fir Interaction:  Feeding Site Characteristics and Wound Response},
	year = {1985},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps, Tables},
	month = {June},
	pages = {1-90},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {PhD},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1604},
	author = {Eagar, Christopher C}
}
@proceedings {5531,
	title = {Proceedings Second Annual Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians},
	journal = {Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1985},
	month = {November},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Fishes, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth decline, Vegetation monitoring, Water quality},
	author = {Olem, Harvey and Tennessee Valley Authority}
}
@article {4723,
	title = {Birds of Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests: Dynamics of Habitat-Island Communities},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {168-186},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Birds -- Classification and description, Birds -- Migration, Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests, Wildlife management},
	issn = {SER -71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Rabenold, Kerry N}
}
@article {4721,
	title = {Comments on the Fungi of the Spruce-Fir Forest of the Southern Appalachian Mountains},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {151-154},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fungi, Fungi -- Classification and description, Spruce-Fir forests},
	issn = {SER - 71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Petersen, Ronald H}
}
@article {4722,
	title = {Herpetofauna of the Spruce-Fir Ecosystem in the Southern Appalachian Mountain Regions, With Emphasis on the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {155-167},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Amphibians, Anakeesta Formation, Reptiles, Salamanders, Snakes, Spruce-Fir forests},
	issn = {SER - 71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Mathews, Raymond C and Echternacht, Arthur C}
}
@article {4716,
	title = {Late-Quaternary History of the Spruce-Fir Ecosystem in the Southern Appalachian Mountain Region},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {November},
	pages = {22-35},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Mapping, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	issn = {SER - 71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Hazel R Delcourt and Paul A Delcourt}
}
@article {4726,
	title = {Lead in Vegetation, Forest Floor Material, and Soils of the Spruce-Fir Zone, GSMNP },
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {211-224},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Land pollution, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests, Vegetation monitoring},
	issn = {SER - 71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Bogle, Mary Anna and Turner, Ralph R}
}
@article {4724,
	title = {Mammals of the Spruce-Fir Forest in Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {187-192},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Black bears, Mammals -- Classification and description, Moles and shrews, Rodents, Spruce-Fir forests, Squirrels and chipmunks},
	issn = {SER -71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Pelton, Michael R}
}
@article {4720,
	title = {Pre-Park Disturbance in the Spruce-Fir Forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {November},
	pages = {115-130},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Conservation, Forest fires -- Environmental aspects, Fraser fir, Logging, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Yellow birch},
	issn = {SER -71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Pyle, Charlotte}
}
@article {4719,
	title = {Recreational Impacts in the Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Ecosystem},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {November},
	pages = {100-114},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Camping, Recreation management, Shelters, Spruce-Fir forests, Water quality, Woolly adelgids},
	issn = {SER - 71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Saunders, Paul Richards}
}
@inbook {6251,
	title = {Review of the Biology and Ecology of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	booktitle = {The Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Ecosystem: Its Biology and Threats},
	series = {Research/Resources Management Report},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {36-50},
	publisher = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory },
	organization = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory },
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Eagar_ReviewOfTheBiologyAndEcologyOfTheBalsamWoollyAphidInSouthernAppalachianSpruceFIr_1984.pdf},
	author = {Eagar, Christopher C and White, Peter S}
}
@article {4725,
	title = {Soils in the Spruce-Fir Region of the Great Smoky Mountains},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {201-210},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Soil acidity, Soils -- Classification and description, Spruce-Fir forests},
	issn = {SER - 71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Springer, Maxwell E}
}
@article {4976,
	title = {The Species-Area Relationship of the Southern Appalachian High Peaks:  Vascular Plant Richness and Rare Plant Distributions},
	journal = {Castanea},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Tables},
	month = {June},
	pages = {47-61},
	publisher = {Southern Appalachian Botanical Society},
	keywords = {Flora, Grassy balds, Heath balds, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {White, Peter S and Miller, Ronald I and Ramseur, George S}
}
@article {4217,
	title = {A Status Report on Bryophytes of the Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {131-137},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research                    Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, Tennessee},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Mosses, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees},
	author = {Smith, David K}
}
@article {4718,
	title = {Understory Change in Spruce-Fir During the First 16-20 Years Following the Death of Fir},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {51-69},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids, Yellow birch},
	issn = {SER -71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {DeSelm, H. R and Boner, R. R}
}
@proceedings {6017,
	title = {Ninth Annual Scientific Research Meeting, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, May 19-20, 1983},
	journal = {Annual Scientific Research Meeting-National Park Service, Southeast Region},
	year = {1983},
	month = {May 19- 20},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Air pollution, Fishes, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth},
	author = {Wood, James D}
}
@mastersthesis {4772,
	title = {An Examination of the Seed Rain and Seed Bank for Evidence of Seed Exchange Between a Beech Gap and a Spruce Forest in the Great Smoky Mountains},
	year = {1982},
	month = {August},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {American beech, Forests, Fraser fir, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1433},
	author = {Pavlovic, Noel Bruce}
}
@article {5698,
	title = {Woody Fuel Dimensions within Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1980},
	institution = {U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	abstract = {Diameters and bulk density were examined for downed wood in major forest types found in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. A weighted average formula is presented to adjust stand bulk densities after disturbance.},
	keywords = {Forest fires, Forests, Hemlock forests, Spruce-Fir forests},
	issn = {31},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/woodyfueldimensi00harm},
	author = {Harmon, Mark E and Hennessy, Tom and Silsbee, David G}
}
@mastersthesis {5737,
	title = {Comparison of Forest Cover Prior to and Following Disturbance in Two Areas of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1978},
	month = {August},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Forests, Hardwood forests, Little River, Logging, Poplars, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1480/},
	author = {McCracken, Weaver H}
}
@article {6256,
	title = {Alternation and Coexistence of Tree Species},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	volume = {111},
	year = {1977},
	month = {January/February},
	pages = {69-89},
	keywords = {Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Classification and description},
	author = {Fox, John F}
}
@mastersthesis {4773,
	title = {Balsam Woolly Aphid Infestation of Fraser Fir in the Great Smoky Mountains},
	year = {1977},
	month = {August},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1434},
	author = {Johnson, Kristine D}
}
@article {4863,
	title = {Secondary Succession in the Spruce-Fir Forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1976},
	note = {Maps, Illustrations},
	institution = {National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office},
	address = {Atlanta, GA},
	keywords = {Andrews Bald, Fraser fir, Mount Buckley, Plant succession control, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	issn = {7},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/secondarysuccess00rams},
	author = {Ramseur, George S}
}
@article {5341,
	title = {Status of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park --- 1976},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1-24},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/statusofbalsamwo00hayr},
	author = {Hay, Ronald L and Eagar, Christopher C and Johnson, Kristine D}
}
@inbook {11781,
	title = {Dry Weight of Trees and Saplings from The Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) and Eastern Tennessee},
	booktitle = {Dry-weight and Other Data for Trees and Woody Shrubs of the Southeastern United States},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {15-21},
	publisher = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
	organization = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
	chapter = {4a},
	keywords = {Data and statistics, Forests, Metcalf Bottoms, Pollution, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Clembsch, Edward E. C}
}
@article {6434,
	title = {Status of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Southern Appalachians-1970},
	year = {1971},
	month = {February},
	institution = {U.S. Forest Service},
	address = {Asheville, NC},
	keywords = {Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	issn = {71-1-16},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Flavell_StatusOfTheBalsamWoollyAphidInTheSOuthernAppalachians_1971.pdf},
	author = {Flavell, T. H and Lambert, H. L}
}
@article {6224,
	title = {Annotated List of Insects Infesting Bark and Wood of Fraser Fir},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {62},
	year = {1969},
	month = {February},
	pages = {249-250},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Insects, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Amman, Gene D}
}
@mastersthesis {5715,
	title = {A Census of a Breeding Bird Population in a Virgin Spruce-fir Forest on Mt. Guyot, Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1968},
	note = {Images},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Birds -- Reproduction, Ecosystem, Fauna -- Population densities, Mount Guyot, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1483/},
	author = {Alsop, Fred J}
}
@article {10352,
	title = {A Great Smokies Park Botanical Discovery},
	journal = {National Parks},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1967},
	month = {January},
	pages = {22},
	keywords = {Conservation, Hiking, Miry Ridge, Park development -- Politics and government, Roads, Spruce-Fir forests}
}
@article {4777,
	title = {Status of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Southern Appalachians - 1966},
	year = {1967},
	note = {Illustrations and maps},
	month = {January},
	institution = {U.S. Forest Service},
	address = {Asheville, N.C.},
	keywords = {Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	issn = {67-1-3},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Lambert_StatusOfTheBalsamWoollyAphidInTheSouthernAppalachians_1967.pdf},
	author = {Lambert, H. L and Ciesla, W. M}
}
@article {4970,
	title = {Boreal Forest Vascular Plants which are also Native to the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Wild Flower},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {6-11},
	keywords = {Flora, Flora -- Classification and description, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Hoffman, Harold L}
}
@article {7175,
	title = {Preliminary Report No. 4: Balsam Woolly Aphid Detection Survey},
	year = {1963},
	month = {August 23},
	institution = {U.S. Forest Service},
	address = {Atlanta, GA},
	keywords = {Conservation -- Surveying, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	issn = {No. 63-64},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Flora_PreliminaryReportNo4BalsamWoollyAphidDetectionSurvey_1963.pdf},
	author = {Flora, R. L and Buchanan, Astin and Buchanan, W. D}
}
@article {6429,
	title = {The Status of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in North Carolina and Tennessee},
	year = {1963},
	month = {November 27 },
	institution = {U.S. Forest Service},
	address = {Asheville, NC},
	keywords = {Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	issn = {ZONE 1-11-63},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Ciesla_TheStatusofTheBalsamWoollyAphidInNorthCarolinaAndTennessee_1963.pdf},
	author = {Ciesla, W. M and Lambert, H. L and Franklin, R. T}
}
@mastersthesis {4774,
	title = {Forest Litter and Humus Types of East Tennessee},
	year = {1958},
	month = {August},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Hardwood forests, Hemlocks, Pine-Oak forests, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1424/},
	author = {McGinnis, John Thurlow}
}
@mastersthesis {5710,
	title = {Ground Vegetation Patterns of the Spruce-Fir Area of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1957},
	month = {December},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {PhD},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Hardwood forests, Plant succession control, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1624/},
	author = {Crandall, Dorothy Louise}
}
@article {6135,
	title = {Birds of the Great Smokies: Spruce-Fir Avian Life Shows Northern Character},
	journal = {The Regional Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1940},
	month = {April/May},
	pages = {11-14},
	keywords = {Birds, Birds -- Classification and description, Birds -- Habitat, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/regional_review/vol4-4-5d.htm},
	author = {Stupka, Arthur}
}
