@article {12518,
	title = {Developing Critical Loads of Nitrate and Sulfate Deposition to Watersheds of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA},
	journal = {Water, Air, \& Soil Pollution},
	volume = {226},
	year = {2015},
	month = {July},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	address = {Switzerland},
	keywords = {Soil acidity, Water pollution, Watersheds},
	doi = {10.1007/s11270-015-2502-7},
	author = {Zhou, Qingtao and Driscoll, Charles T. and Moore, Stephen E. and Kulp, Matt A. and Renfro, James R. and Schwartz, John S. and Cai, Meijun and Lynch, Jason A.}
}
@article {11553,
	title = {Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting the Genetic Structure and Diversity of Butternut in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA},
	journal = {Tree Genetics \& Genomes},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2014},
	month = {February 16, 2014},
	pages = {541-554},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	keywords = {Conservation, Fungi, Hardwood forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Watersheds},
	doi = {DOI 10.1007/s11295-014-0702-8},
	author = {Parks, Amanda M and Jenkins, Michael A and Ostry, Michael E and Zhao, Peng and Woeste, Keith E}
}
@mastersthesis {12364,
	title = {Chemical Flux During Event Stormwater Flows in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Comparison of Two Streams Varying by Drainage Area and Elevation},
	year = {2014},
	month = {August},
	pages = {64},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Master of Science},
	address = {Knoxville},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Streams, Water pollution, Water quality, Watersheds},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2789/},
	author = {Aplin, Matthew Williams}
}
@book {11467,
	title = {The Paper Mill Town of Canton and the Sawmill Towns of Haywood County},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Title continues: Quinlantown, Crestmont, Sunburst \& Waynesville},
	pages = {216},
	publisher = {Ronald C. Sullivan and Ann D. Melton},
	organization = {Ronald C. Sullivan and Ann D. Melton},
	keywords = {Biographies, Economy, History, Logging, Photographs, Railroads, Topography, Watersheds},
	author = {Sullivan, Ronald C and Melton, Ann D}
}
@article {12082,
	title = {Influence of Basin Characteristics on Baseflow and Stormflow Chemistry in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA},
	journal = {Hydrological Processes},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2013},
	month = {July},
	pages = {2061-2084},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	keywords = {Soils, Streams, Watersheds},
	doi = {10.1002/hyp.9366},
	author = {Neff, Keil J and Schwartz, John S and Moore, Stephen E and Kulp, Matt A}
}
@article {6402,
	title = {High Temporal Resolution Use/Land Cover Change from 1984 to 2010 of the Little River Watershed, Tennessee, Investigated Using Landsat and Google Earth Images},
	journal = {Southeastern Geographer},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {fall},
	pages = {250-266},
	keywords = {Geography, Little Pigeon River Watershed, Watersheds},
	author = {Chunhao Zhu and Yingkui Li}
}
@article {11431,
	title = {Neither Crooked Nor Shady: The Weeks Act, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Virtue of Eastern National Forests, 1899-1911},
	journal = {Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2012},
	month = {fall},
	keywords = {Appalachian National Park Association, Conservation -- Government regulations, Forests, Park development, Topography, Watersheds},
	author = {Miller, Char}
}
@article {4327,
	title = {First Distributional Study of Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina},
	journal = {Southern Naturalist},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps
Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	pages = {211-220},
	keywords = {Fauna -- Classification and description, Watersheds, Worms},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1656/058.010.0202},
	author = {Gelder, Stuart R and Wiliams, Bronwyn W}
}
@article {3082,
	title = {Response of Soil Water Chemistry to Simulated Changes in Acid Deposition in the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental                        Engineering-Asce},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2011},
	month = {July},
	pages = {617-628},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Soils, Watersheds},
	author = {Cai, Meijun and Johnson, Amy M and Schwartz, John S and Moore, Stephen E and Kulp, Matthew A}
}
@book {2773,
	title = {The Ultimate Fly-Fishing Guide to the Smoky Mountains},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	publisher = {Menasha Ridge Press},
	organization = {Menasha Ridge Press},
	address = {Birmingham, AL},
	keywords = {Fishes, Guidebooks, Tourism -- Fishing, Watersheds},
	author = {Kirk, Don and Ward, Greg}
}
@mastersthesis {4074,
	title = {Understanding Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Element Cycling in Temperate Forest Watersheds},
	year = {2011},
	school = {Duke University},
	type = {Ph.D.},
	address = {Durham, NC},
	keywords = {Climate, Ecosystem, Forests, Watersheds},
	author = {Lutz, Brian D}
}
@article {3083,
	title = {Long-Term Effects of Acidic Deposition on Water Quality in a High-Elevation Great Smoky Mountains National Park Watershed: Use of an Ion Input-Output Budget},
	journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {209},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {June},
	pages = {143-156},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Forests, Water pollution, Water quality, Watersheds},
	author = {Cai, Meijun and Schwartz, John S and Robinson, R. Bruce and Moore, Stephen E and Kulp, Matthew A}
}
@mastersthesis {11128,
	title = {Soil Chemistry Characterization of Acid Sensitive Watersheds in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	volume = {Master of Science},
	year = {2010},
	month = {December},
	pages = {83},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	keywords = {Soils, Watersheds},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/802/},
	author = {Grell, Mary Ann E}
}
@mastersthesis {4083,
	title = {The Impact of Historic Logging on Woody Debris Distribution and Stream Morphology in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina-Tennessee},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {May},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Logging, Sediments -- Coarse woody debris, Water quality, Watersheds},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/411/},
	author = {Morris, Chris M}
}
@mastersthesis {5824,
	title = {The Influence of Hydrological Patterns on Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Population Dynamics in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knonxville, TN},
	abstract = {Hydrologic processes impact the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and influence fish population dynamics. The flow regime of a stream affects the structure, composition, and productivity of fish communities by regulating abiotic habitat conditions and biotic community processes. In the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM), native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations have declined in some watersheds over the past decade, believed to be primarily due to episodic acidification. The potential affects long-term hydrologic patterns, temporal hydrologic trends, and hydrologic extremes have on brook and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations were explored in this study. The current GRSM fish sampling program began nearly two decades ago; a total of 69 streams, including 369 sites, are routinely sampled by GRSM fisheries biologists with standard methods. Detailed data is collected on the trout populations. The Nature Conservancy{\textexclamdown}{\textasciimacron}s Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) was used to quantify the flow regime of each stream into 67 ecological relevant parameters. Because the trout sites were located in remote ungaged streams, the Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF) was used to simulate flows at each trout site for a study period lasting 18 years (1990-2007). Using local climate data the model was calibrated by adjusting parameters including storage, infiltration, runoff, and ground water for three elevation classes (low < 800 m {\textexclamdown}{\"U} middle {\textexclamdown}{\"U} 1,200 m < high) to observed stream flows from two USGS gaging stations and one NPS gaging station. The parameters defined by IHA included the a) magnitude, b) frequency, c) duration, d) time, and e) rate of change of hydrological events. IHAs were statistically compared to the surveyed trout populations. Results indicated the abundance of young-of-the-year (YOY) brook and rainbow trout significantly declined after extreme floods and droughts. In particular, low-flows during droughts significantly reduced recruitment for both brook and rainbow trout, which is likely due to decreased spawning habitat. Brook trout populations in larger low-elevation streams showed more stability compared to smaller headwater streams. The study provided GRSM resource managers a calibrated hydrology model with unique flow parameters characterizing GRSM watersheds, and possible influences hydrologic conditions may have on trout populations.},
	keywords = {Fishes -- Habitat, Trout, Water quality, Watersheds, Wildlife management},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/484/},
	author = {Parker, Joseph Michael}
}
@article {3747,
	title = {pH and Acid Anion Time Trends in Different Elevation Ranges in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce},
	volume = {134},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {September},
	pages = {800-808},
	keywords = {Bodies of water, Ecosystem, Soils, Water pollution, Watersheds},
	author = {Robinson, R. Bruce and Barnett, Thomas W and Harwell, Glenn R and Moore, Stephen E and Kulp, Matthew A and Schwartz, John S}
}
@mastersthesis {5822,
	title = {Characterizing Episodic Stream Acidity During Stormflow in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {2007},
	month = {August},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knonxville, TN},
	abstract = {Episodic stream acidification occurs as storm events temporarily reduce acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and pH. Stream acidification is suspected to have damaging effects on the health of aquatic ecosystems and biota. The objectives of this research are to 1) characterize stream baseflow and stormflow chemistries in three watersheds in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM), 2) understand potential mechanisms responsible for episodic acidification, and 3) understand the relationship between storm event magnitude, antecedent soil moisture condition, and the stream{\textquoteright}s pH response. Three remote, forested, high-elevation streams (Middle Prong, Ramsey Prong, and Eagle Rocks Prong) were selected in the Middle Prong of the Little Pigeon River Watershed. Multi-parameter data sondes were installed at each site to record continuous stream data. Autosamplers were set up in connection with the sondes to collect samples during storm events. Stormflow, baseflow, and precipitation samples were analyzed for pH, ANC, and a broad spectrum of cations and anions that contribute to the ion balance.
During stormflow, ANC and pH depressions were observed for all storms at each study site. Sulfate, nitrate, and organic acid concentrations increased during each storm. Base cation concentrations generally increased during stormflow at Middle and Ramsey Prongs, but diluted occasionally on Eagle Rocks Prong. The relative changes in ion concentrations were used to determine which ions (acids) were most responsible for ANC depression. ANC contribution analysis indicates acid deposition may be the primary cause of episodic acidification, but it appears organic acids and cation dilution may also contribute. Pyritic geology is also suspected to contribute to baseflow and stormflow acidity in the Eagle Rocks Prong. Data exploration indicates large storms preceded by long, dry periods cause the largest pH depressions. It appears stream acidification may be driven by acid deposition, but additional inputs from varying vegetation and geology create unique and complex response to the observed stream acidification.},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Water quality, Watersheds},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/117/},
	author = {Deyton, Edwin Bradley}
}
@article {11887,
	title = {Distribution of a Rare Salamander, Eurycea Junaluska: Implications for Past Impacts of River Channelization and Impoundment},
	journal = {Copeia},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	month = {December},
	pages = {952-958},
	publisher = {The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists},
	keywords = {Salamanders -- Habitat, Salamanders -- Population densities, Streams, Watersheds},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[952:DOARSE]2.0.CO;2},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1643/0045-8511\%282007\%297\%5B952\%3ADOARSE\%5D2.0.CO\%3B2},
	author = {Chattin, Elizabeth and Forester, Don C and Snodgrass, Joel W}
}
@article {3878,
	title = {Spatial Distribution of Acid-sensitive and Acid-impacted Streams in Relation to Watershed Features in the Southern Appalachian Mountains},
	journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {182},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Maps},
	pages = {57-71},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Geology, Sedimentary rocks, Watersheds},
	url = {http://swas.evsc.virginia.edu/VTSSS-2010/Reports/Sullivan_et_al_WASP07.pdf},
	author = {Sullivan, T. J and Webb, Paul A and Snyder, K. U and Herlihy, A. T and Cosby, B. J}
}
@article {3336,
	title = {Impact of Tunnel Reconstruction on Stream Water Quality in Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Journal of Hydrologic Engineering},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {November-December},
	pages = {570-577},
	keywords = {Water pollution, Water quality, Watersheds},
	author = {Hedrick, Kevin P and Robinson, R. Bruce and Tschantz, Bruce and Moore, Stephen E}
}
@article {2943,
	title = {Variation in Overstory Nitrogen Uptake in a Small, High-Elevation Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Watershed},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	month = {October},
	pages = {1741-1752},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Watersheds, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/x02-098},
	author = {Barker, M. and Van Miegroet, Helga and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Creed, Irena F}
}
@mastersthesis {7359,
	title = {An Evaluation of Relationships Among Streamflow and Selected Water Quality Parameters in a Forested, High-Altitude Watershed},
	year = {2000},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science },
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Noland Divide Watershed, Water quality, Watersheds},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3267/},
	author = {McCann, Molly Sarah}
}
@book {11086,
	title = {Tennessee},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Color Illustrations, Color Maps},
	pages = {n.p.},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey},
	keywords = {Geology, Natural resources, Watersheds},
	author = {Anonymous}
}
@mastersthesis {7400,
	title = {Classification and Description of Old-Growth Hemlock Communities in the Cataloochee Watershed of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	school = {Western Carolina University},
	type = {Masters of Science },
	address = {Cullowhee, NC},
	keywords = {Cataloochee, Forests -- Old growth, Hemlock forests, Watersheds},
	author = {Cooper, Aaron R.}
}
@article {12217,
	title = {Studies in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1999},
	note = {USGS Fact Sheet 044-99},
	month = {December},
	pages = {4},
	publisher = {U. S. Department of the Interior},
	abstract = {This four-page brochure describes several research projects being conducted by the USGS and National Park Service, including soil acidification, amphibians, mussels, fish, coal, earthquakes, water, and karst.},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Amphibians, Coal mining, Fishes, Geology, Mussels, Tennessee Valley Authority, Watersheds},
	url = {http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-044-99/pdf/fs-044-99.pdf},
	author = {U. S. Geological Survey}
}
@article {3655,
	title = {Acidic Deposition, Ecosystem Processes, and Nitrogen Saturation in a High Elevation Southern Appalachian Watershed},
	journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {85},
	year = {1995},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1647-1652},
	keywords = {Air particles -- Deposition, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Watersheds},
	author = {Nodvin, Stephen C and Van Miegroet, Helga and Lindberg, Steven E and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Johnson, Dale W}
}
@book {6777,
	title = {Upper Little Tennessee River Aerial Inventory of Land Uses and Nonpoint Pollution Sources},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority, Resource Development, River Basin Operations, Water Resources},
	organization = {Tennessee Valley Authority, Resource Development, River Basin Operations, Water Resources},
	address = {Chattanooga, TN},
	keywords = {Aerial photographs, Little Tennessee River, Water pollution, Watersheds},
	author = {Hagerman, James R}
}
@mastersthesis {4076,
	title = {Age and Growth Characteristics of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) in Little River Watershed, Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1991},
	school = {Tennessee Technological University},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Cookeville, TN},
	keywords = {Fishes, Little River, Trout, Watersheds},
	author = {Masterson, Stephanie
                            K}
}
@proceedings {5358,
	title = {U.S. Geological Survey Global Change Hydrology Program},
	journal = {First Annual Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Conference},
	year = {1990},
	month = {November},
	pages = {7},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Climate, Precipitation, Watersheds},
	author = {Diehl, Tim}
}
@article {4625,
	title = {Watersheds of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: A Geographical Information System Analysis},
	year = {1990},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {November},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory, Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	address = {Gatlinburg, Tennessee},
	keywords = {Bodies of water, Geographic information systems, Little Pigeon River Watershed, Watersheds},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/18/items/watershedsofgrea90park/watershedsofgrea90park.pdf},
	author = {Parker, Charles R and Pipes, David W}
}
@article {6318,
	title = {Ecological Genetics of the Salamander Desmognathus quadramaculatus from Distrubed Watersheds in the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve Cluster},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1988},
	month = {June},
	pages = {194-205},
	keywords = {Salamanders, Watersheds},
	author = {Stiven, Alan E and Bruce, Richard C}
}
@proceedings {6016,
	title = {Eleventh Annual Scientific Research Meeting: The Uplands Areas of the Southeast Region, National Park Service: May 23-24, 1985},
	journal = {Annual Scientific Research Meeting-The Uplands Areas of the Southeast Region National Park Service},
	year = {1985},
	month = {May 23-24},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Black bears, Ecology, Forests, Geographic information systems, Remote sensing, Water quality, Watersheds},
	author = {Wood, James D}
}
@article {11789,
	title = {Piedmont-cove Deposits of the Dellwood Quadrangle, Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina, U.S.A.: Morphometry},
	journal = {Annals of Geomorphology},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1982},
	month = {June},
	pages = {163-178},
	publisher = {Gebr{\"u}der Borntraeger},
	keywords = {Geology, Soils, Watersheds},
	author = {Mills, Hugh H}
}
@mastersthesis {7139,
	title = {Aspects of Water Quality and Their Relationship to Hydrology in Coal Mined Drainage Basins in the Cumberland Mountains},
	year = {1975},
	month = {May},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Master of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Coal mining, Water quality, Watersheds},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2530/},
	author = {Roseq, Raymond Rankin}
}
@article {6778,
	title = {Little Tennessee River Watershed},
	year = {1963},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Chattanooga, TN},
	keywords = {Little Tennessee River, Topography, Watersheds}
}
