@article {13102,
	title = {Relationships between indicators of acid-base chemistry and fish assemblages in streams of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Ecological Indicators},
	volume = {88},
	year = {2018},
	month = {05/2018},
	pages = {465-484},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd.},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Fishes -- Habitat, Streams},
	author = {Barry P. Baldigo and Matt A. Kulp and John S. Schwartz}
}
@mastersthesis {12364,
	title = {Chemical Flux During Event Stormwater Flows in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Comparison of Two Streams Varying by Drainage Area and Elevation},
	year = {2014},
	month = {August},
	pages = {64},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Master of Science},
	address = {Knoxville},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Streams, Water pollution, Water quality, Watersheds},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2789/},
	author = {Aplin, Matthew Williams}
}
@article {5147,
	title = {Microbial community diversity and composition across a gradient of soil acidity in spruce-fir forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains},
	journal = {Applied Soil Ecology},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Maps, Tables, Illustrations},
	month = {October},
	pages = {60-68},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Soil acidity, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Bardhan, Sougata and Jose, Shibu and Jenkins, Michael A and Webster, Christopher R and Udawatta, Ranjith P and Stehn, Sarah E}
}
@mastersthesis {4097,
	title = {Soil Nitrification and Mineralization Rates Along an Elevation Gradient in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {May},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Sediments -- Heavy metals, Soil acidity, Water quality},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1199/},
	author = {Rolison, Christopher
                            James}
}
@article {3085,
	title = {Long-Term Annual and Seasonal Patterns of Acidic Deposition and Stream Water Quality in a Great Smoky Mountains High-Elevation Watershed},
	journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {219},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {July},
	pages = {547-562},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Climate, Water pollution, Water quality},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-010-0727-z?null},
	author = {Cai, Meijun and Schwartz, John S and Robinson, R. Bruce and Moore, Stephen E and Kulp, Matthew A}
}
@article {3480,
	title = {Picea Rubens Growth at High Versus Low Elevations in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Evaluation by Systems Modeling},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {May},
	pages = {945-962},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Conservation, Flora, Pollution, Red spruce, Trees, Trees -- Growth},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-243},
	author = {Koo, Kyung-Ah and Patten, Bernard C and Creed, Irena F}
}
@article {3082,
	title = {Response of Soil Water Chemistry to Simulated Changes in Acid Deposition in the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental                        Engineering-Asce},
	volume = {137},
	year = {2011},
	month = {July},
	pages = {617-628},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Soils, Watersheds},
	author = {Cai, Meijun and Johnson, Amy M and Schwartz, John S and Moore, Stephen E and Kulp, Matthew A}
}
@article {3081,
	title = {Soil Acid-Base Chemistry of a High-Elevation Forest Watershed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Influence of Acidic Deposition},
	journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {June 22},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Noland Divide Watershed, Soil acidity, Soils -- Classification and description},
	url = {http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/dl/dgay/North\%20Carolina\%20Info/Cai\%20et\%20al\%202011\%20Soil\%20Chem\%20in\%20high\%20elevation.pdf},
	author = {Cai, Meijun and Johnson, Amy M and Schwartz, John S and Kulp, Matthew A}
}
@mastersthesis {4085,
	title = {Environmental Impacts to Stream Acidification and Brook Trout Populations in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {December},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Dissertation},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	abstract = {<p>This research supports development of aquatic resource management strategies to address acid deposition in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GRSM) by 1) developing relationships between baseflow and stormflow chemical constituents and examining effects of elevation, area, geology, soil, and vegetation on stream chemistry; 2) evaluating physiological condition in brook trout in relation to changes in stream chemistry during stream acidification episodes, and 3) evaluating brook trout metrics with respect to stream chemistry, basin characteristics, and ecologically relevant hydrologic parameters. (1) Stream chemistry was monitored in eight GRSM streams considering basin area, site elevation, Anakeesta geology, soil, and vegetation. Following precipitation events, pH was significantly reduced and aluminum concentrations increased, while the concentration response of ANC, nitrate, sulfate, and base cations varied. Higher pH and ANC concentrations were observed in large and low-elevation streams. (2) Caged brook trout were exposed to two acid episodes during in situ bioassays conducted in three GRSM streams. Stream pH decreased (\&gt;0.7 pH units) and total dissolved aluminum increased (\&gt;0.175 mg/L) at all three sites during acid episodes. Whole-body sodium concentrations were significantly reduced (10-20\%) when preceding 24-h time weighted average pH values (4.88, 5.09, 4.87) and corresponding 24-h aluminum concentrations (210, 202, 202 [mu]g/L). Lower whole-body sodium concentrations were correlated with elevated proton and aluminum concentrations indicating physiological distress. (3) Water chemistry, hydrology and physical basin factors influenced brook trout distributions and densities in 16 collocated fish and water quality sampling sites (1990-2009). Higher concentrations of ANC, pH, sodium, and soil cation exchange capacity, and higher fall flows were associated with the presence of brook trout. Trout densities were higher in streams with higher concentrations of sodium, suggesting that sodium may ameliorate the effects of acid toxicity. These relationships provide useful information where GRSM managers can prioritize conservation and restoration efforts.</p>},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Bodies of water, Trout, Water pollution},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/899/},
	author = {Neff, Keil Jason}
}
@article {3083,
	title = {Long-Term Effects of Acidic Deposition on Water Quality in a High-Elevation Great Smoky Mountains National Park Watershed: Use of an Ion Input-Output Budget},
	journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {209},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {June},
	pages = {143-156},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Forests, Water pollution, Water quality, Watersheds},
	author = {Cai, Meijun and Schwartz, John S and Robinson, R. Bruce and Moore, Stephen E and Kulp, Matthew A}
}
@article {3191,
	title = {Characterizing Episodic Stream Acidity During Stormflows in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {196},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {3-18},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Little Pigeon River Watershed, Water pollution, Water quality},
	author = {Deyton, Edwin Bradley and Schwartz, John S and Robinson, R. Bruce and Neff, Keil Jason and Moore, Stephen E and Kulp, Matthew A}
}
@article {4485,
	title = {Cultural Survey Report: Acid Deposition Effects on Soil Chemistry in the Noland Divide Watershed, Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {2009},
	institution = {Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	address = {Swain County, North Carolina.},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Noland Divide Watershed, Soil acidity, Soils},
	author = {Neff, Keil Jason}
}
@article {11569,
	title = {Morphological  Deformities in Eunotia Taxa from High-elevation Springs and  Streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, with a  Description of Eunotia Macroglossa Sp. Nov},
	journal = {Diatom Research},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {273-290},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Algae, Geology},
	doi = {10.1080/0269249X.2009.9705802},
	author = {Furey, Paula C and Lowe, Rex L and Johansen, Jeffrey R}
}
@article {3637,
	title = {Physiological Stress in Native Southern Brook Trout During Episodic Stream Acidification in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology},
	volume = {57},
	year = {2009},
	month = {August},
	pages = {366-376},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Ecology, Fauna, Fishes, Pollution, Trout},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/503k016533v1454h/fulltext.pdf},
	author = {Neff, Keil Jason and Schwartz, John S and Henry, Theodore B and Robinson, R. Bruce and Moore, Stephen E and Kulp, Matthew A}
}
@article {3778,
	title = {Species Assemblages of Tree Canopy Myxomycetes Related to Bark pH},
	journal = {Castanea},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	month = {June},
	pages = {93-104},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Flora -- Classification and description, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2179/08-020.1},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2179/08-020.1},
	author = {Scarborough, Angela R and Keller, Harold W and Ely, Joseph S}
}
@article {11660,
	title = {Teratology in Eunotia Taxa iin the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Description of Eunotia macroglossa sp. nov.},
	journal = {Diatom Research},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {273-290},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Algae, Geology, Streams},
	author = {Furey, Paula C and Lowe, Rex L}
}
@article {12345,
	title = {Threats on All Fronts},
	journal = {Smoky Mountain Living},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {80-82},
	edition = {Great Smoky Mountains National Park 75th Anniversary Edition},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Conservation, Exotic species, Pollution},
	author = {Hendershot, Don and Johnson, Becky}
}
@article {4994,
	title = {Are Threatened High-Elevation Spruce-Fir Forests Impacted by Aluminum Toxicity and Calcium Loss?},
	year = {2008},
	month = {circa},
	institution = {Michigan Technological University},
	address = {Houghton, MI},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Air quality, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soil acidity, Soils},
	issn = {PMIS 110118},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Webster_AreThretenedHighElevationSpruceFirForestsImpactedByAluminumToxicityAndCalciumLoss_2008.pdf},
	author = {Webster, Christopher R}
}
@article {3225,
	title = {Influence of Bark Ph on the Occurrence and Distribution of Tree Canopy Myxomycete Species},
	journal = {Mycologia},
	volume = {100},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March- April},
	pages = {191-204},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Forest canopy, Hemlocks, Slime molds},
	author = {Everhart, Sydney E and Harold W. Keller and Joseph S. Ely}
}
@mastersthesis {11090,
	title = {Long-term Trends in Water Quality for a High-elevation Stream in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	volume = {Master of Science},
	year = {2008},
	note = {title continues: Impacts of Acid Deposition
Electronic resource},
	pages = {79},
	school = {University of Tennessee Press},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Water quality},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3682/},
	author = {Smith, Angela Vanessa}
}
@article {3512,
	title = {Observations of Fine and Coarse Particle Nitrate at Several Rural Locations in the United States},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2008},
	month = {April},
	pages = {2720-2732},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air quality, Pollution},
	author = {Lee, Taehyoung and Yu, Xiao Ying and Ayres, Benjamin and Kreidenweis, Sonia M and Malm, William C and Collett, Jeffrey L}
}
@article {2982,
	title = {Characterization of the Health of Southern Appalachian Red Spruce (Piceae rubens) Through Determination of Calcium, Magnesium, and Aluminum Concentrations in Foliage and Soil},
	journal = {Microchemical Journal},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2007},
	month = {December},
	pages = {170-174},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition -- Heavy metals, Red spruce, Soils},
	author = {Bintz, Wesley W and Butcher, David J}
}
@mastersthesis {5822,
	title = {Characterizing Episodic Stream Acidity During Stormflow in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {2007},
	month = {August},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knonxville, TN},
	abstract = {Episodic stream acidification occurs as storm events temporarily reduce acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and pH. Stream acidification is suspected to have damaging effects on the health of aquatic ecosystems and biota. The objectives of this research are to 1) characterize stream baseflow and stormflow chemistries in three watersheds in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM), 2) understand potential mechanisms responsible for episodic acidification, and 3) understand the relationship between storm event magnitude, antecedent soil moisture condition, and the stream{\textquoteright}s pH response. Three remote, forested, high-elevation streams (Middle Prong, Ramsey Prong, and Eagle Rocks Prong) were selected in the Middle Prong of the Little Pigeon River Watershed. Multi-parameter data sondes were installed at each site to record continuous stream data. Autosamplers were set up in connection with the sondes to collect samples during storm events. Stormflow, baseflow, and precipitation samples were analyzed for pH, ANC, and a broad spectrum of cations and anions that contribute to the ion balance.
During stormflow, ANC and pH depressions were observed for all storms at each study site. Sulfate, nitrate, and organic acid concentrations increased during each storm. Base cation concentrations generally increased during stormflow at Middle and Ramsey Prongs, but diluted occasionally on Eagle Rocks Prong. The relative changes in ion concentrations were used to determine which ions (acids) were most responsible for ANC depression. ANC contribution analysis indicates acid deposition may be the primary cause of episodic acidification, but it appears organic acids and cation dilution may also contribute. Pyritic geology is also suspected to contribute to baseflow and stormflow acidity in the Eagle Rocks Prong. Data exploration indicates large storms preceded by long, dry periods cause the largest pH depressions. It appears stream acidification may be driven by acid deposition, but additional inputs from varying vegetation and geology create unique and complex response to the observed stream acidification.},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Water quality, Watersheds},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/117/},
	author = {Deyton, Edwin Bradley}
}
@mastersthesis {5823,
	title = {Characterizing Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in Great Smoky Mountains National Park using Hydrologic, Geochemical \& Isotopic Data},
	year = {2007},
	month = {December},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, Tennessee},
	abstract = {Groundwater-surface water interactions can substantially influence the quality of surficial water bodies and are thus important when investigating ecological health of and climate change impacts on an area. However, data collection can be hindered when the location is remote and/or legally protected. This paper presents a methodology to implement minimallyinvasive field techniques at a remote and protected location that allows preliminary identification of the relationship between groundwater and surface water. Great Smoky Mountains National Park was selected as the study area as it is subjected to some of the highest rates of acid deposition in the country. Ecological damage is evident in several areas, including Ramsay Prong, a typical fourth-order stream located on the Tennessee side of the park. Ramsay Prong is evaluated on the basis of discharge, water quality, geochemistry, and stable isotopes at six points along the channel. It should be noted that increasing drought conditions occurred in the basin over the course of this study, providing an opportunity to evaluate the situation of low baseflow. Results indicate that storage capacity in the headwaters is insufficient to supply typical baseflow volume during extended dry periods, whereas sufficient alluvium exists at the bottom of the catchment to capture and recharge the basin water supply. A shallow fracture network likely provides long flowpaths for water to travel toward the basin bottom. Furthermore, baseflow is supplied by interflow as well as shallow groundwater storage; the portion of baseflow comprised by interflow increases with increasing antecedent precipitation. Diffuse groundwater recharge occurs mainly in the headwaters where steep slopes dominate the topography, while focused recharge occurs in bedrock depressions within the reaches and at the end of the channel. These observations, coupled with geochemical and isotopic data, indicate that neutralization of acidic inputs is best accomplished in the lower elevations of the basin. It is recommended that future studies investigate the ecological impacts of reduced precipitation in terms of acid neutralization capabilities along Ramsay Prong.},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Ramsey Prong, Water quality},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/169/},
	author = {McKenna, Amanda Marie}
}
@article {6812,
	title = {Cloud Deposition Monitoring  Clingmans Dome, TN Great Smoky Mountains National Park 2006},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	institution = {MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc.},
	address = {Gainesville, FL},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Clingmans Dome, Precipitation},
	url = {http://www.epa.gov/castnet/javaweb/docs/Annual_Report_Clingmans_Dome_2006.pdf}
}
@article {3878,
	title = {Spatial Distribution of Acid-sensitive and Acid-impacted Streams in Relation to Watershed Features in the Southern Appalachian Mountains},
	journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {182},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Maps},
	pages = {57-71},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Geology, Sedimentary rocks, Watersheds},
	url = {http://swas.evsc.virginia.edu/VTSSS-2010/Reports/Sullivan_et_al_WASP07.pdf},
	author = {Sullivan, T. J and Webb, Paul A and Snyder, K. U and Herlihy, A. T and Cosby, B. J}
}
@article {3748,
	title = {Concentration-Duration-Frequency Curves for pH in a Stream in the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental                        Engineering-Asce},
	volume = {132},
	year = {2006},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1600-1605},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Bodies of water, Water pollution},
	author = {R. Bruce Robinson and Roby, J Chadwick}
}
@article {3783,
	title = {Critique of "Precipitation in Light Extinction Reconstruction" by P.A. Ryan},
	journal = {Journal of the Air \& Waste Management Association},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2006},
	month = {May},
	pages = {539-546},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles, Visibility},
	url = {http://www.environmental-expert.com/Files\%5C6477\%5Carticles\%5C6608\%5Cschichtel.pdf},
	author = {Schichtel, Bret A and Malm, William C and Pitchford, Marc L}
}
@article {3059,
	title = {Seasonal Profiles of Leaf Ascorbic Acid Content and Redox State in Ozone-Sensitive Wildflowers},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	volume = {143},
	year = {2006},
	month = {October},
	pages = {427-434},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Flora, Flowering plants},
	author = {Burkey, Kent O and Neufeld, Howard S and Souza, Lara and Chappelka, Arthur H and Davison, Alan W}
}
@article {3662,
	title = {Effect of Ambient NH3 Levels on PM2.5 Composition in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2005},
	month = {August},
	pages = {4593-4606},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air quality, Pollution},
	author = {Olszyna, Kenneth J and Bairai, Solomon T and Tanner, Roger L}
}
@article {3312,
	title = {Secondary Sulfate Minerals Associated with Acid Drainage in the Eastern US: Recycling of Metals and Acidity in Surficial Environments},
	journal = {Chemical Geology},
	volume = {215},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {February},
	pages = {407-431},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Sediments -- Heavy metals, Water quality},
	author = {Hammarstrom, Jane M and Seal Ii, R R and Meier, Allen L and Kornfeld, J. M}
}
@article {6811,
	title = {Cloud and Dry Deposition Monitoring Great Smoky Mountains National Park - Clingmans Dome, TN - 2003},
	year = {2004},
	month = {March},
	institution = {MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc.},
	address = {Gainesville, FL},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Climate, Clingmans Dome, Precipitation},
	issn = {EPA Contract Number: 68-D-03-052},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/CloudAndDryDepositionMonitoringGreatSmokyMountainsNationalParkClingmansDomeTN_2003.pdf}
}
@article {3313,
	title = {Weathering of Sulfidic Shale and Copper Mine Waste: Secondary Minerals and Metal Cycling in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, and North Carolina, USA},
	journal = {Environmental Geology},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {December},
	pages = {35-57},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Alum Cave, Bodies of water, Geology, Pollution, Sediments -- Heavy metals},
	url = {http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1351\&context=usgsstaffpub},
	author = {Hammarstrom, Jane M and Seal, Robert R and Meier, Allen L and Jackson, John C}
}
@article {10403,
	title = {The Clean Air Challenge},
	journal = {National Parks},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2002},
	month = {November/December},
	pages = {16-17},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air pollution, Climate change},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Oa_eVUD10MkC\&pg=PA16\&dq=national+parks+magazines\&source=gbs_toc_r\&cad=2$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Jeffords, James M}
}
@mastersthesis {4012,
	title = {Soil Attributes as Viable Agents in Red Spruce Mortality Along the Southern Appalachian Highlands with Applications As Field and Laboratory Exercises For Community College Science Courses},
	year = {2002},
	school = {George Mason University},
	type = {Ph. D.},
	address = {Fairfax, VA},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air quality, Forests, Pollution, Red spruce, Soils, Trees -- Growth},
	author = {Ashbrook, Craig M}
}
@article {10394,
	title = {Bad Air Days},
	journal = {National Parks},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2001},
	month = {May/June},
	pages = {32-35},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air pollution, Ozone, Tennessee Valley Authority},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=DKJERKn2YmoC\&pg=PA32\&dq=national+parks+magazines\&source=gbs_toc_r\&cad=2$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Fordney, Chris}
}
@article {4141,
	title = {Great Smoky Mountain National Park Briefing Statement},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Illustrated},
	institution = {National Park Service},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air quality, Pollution},
	author = {Great Smoky Mountains National Park}
}
@article {4828,
	title = {Purple Heart},
	journal = {Wildlife in North Carolina},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Illustrations},
	month = {March},
	pages = {12-15},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air pollution, Air quality, Ozone},
	author = {Manuel, Jack}
}
@article {5045,
	title = {Is There Synchronicity in Nitrogen Input and Output Fluxes at the Noland Divide Watershed, a Small N-Saturated Forested Catchment in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {The Scientific World Journal},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Maps},
	pages = {480-492},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Climate, Ecosystem, Fraser fir, Pollution, Red spruce, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.tswj.com/2001/378681/abs/},
	author = {Van Miegroet, Helga and Creed, Irena F and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Tarboton, D. G and Webster, K. L and Shubzda, J. and Robinson, B. and Smoot, James L and Johnson, Dale W and Lindberg, Steven E and Lovett, G. and Nodvin, Stephen C and Moore, Stephen E}
}
@article {5858,
	title = {Habitat Modeling and Conservation of Four Vascular Plants Endemic to the Southern Appalachian Mountains in Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1999},
	month = {December},
	institution = {National Park Service},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Geographic information systems, Grasses, Natural history, Ozone},
	issn = {USGS-BRD Agreement No. 1445-IA09-96-0027},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/habitatmodelingc00boet},
	author = {Rock, Janet H and Boetsch, John Roland}
}
@article {12217,
	title = {Studies in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1999},
	note = {USGS Fact Sheet 044-99},
	month = {December},
	pages = {4},
	publisher = {U. S. Department of the Interior},
	abstract = {This four-page brochure describes several research projects being conducted by the USGS and National Park Service, including soil acidification, amphibians, mussels, fish, coal, earthquakes, water, and karst.},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Amphibians, Coal mining, Fishes, Geology, Mussels, Tennessee Valley Authority, Watersheds},
	url = {http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-044-99/pdf/fs-044-99.pdf},
	author = {U. S. Geological Survey}
}
@article {2928,
	title = {Analysis of Ammonia and Aerosol Concentrations and Deposition Near the Free Troposphere at Mt. Mitchell, NC, USA},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1998},
	month = {February},
	pages = {353-358},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Forests, Pollution, Soils},
	author = {Aneja, Viney P and Murthy, Anuradha B and Battye, William and Battye, Rebecca and Benjey, William G}
}
@article {3177,
	title = {Seasonal Variations in Aerosol Composition and Acidity at Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks},
	journal = {Journal of the Air \& Waste Management Association},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1997},
	month = {March},
	pages = {411-418},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Aerosol monitoring, Air pollution},
	author = {Day, Derek E and Malm, William C and Kreidenweis, Sonia M}
}
@article {5661,
	title = {Views from America{\textquoteright}s Parks: Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1997},
	month = {spring},
	pages = {15-19},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Insects, Pollution, Tourism, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Wild boars -- Environmental impacts},
	author = {Karen P Wade}
}
@book {7343,
	title = {Environmental Case Studies, Southeastern Region},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Ecosystem, Wildlife management},
	author = {Rosenthal, Dorothy Botkin}
}
@article {4137,
	title = {Characterization of Secondary Minerals Formed as the Result of Weathering of the Anakeesta Formation, Alum Cave, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	institution = {U.S. Department of the Interior: U.S. Geological Survey},
	address = {Reston, VA},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Alum Cave, Anakeesta Formation, Geological formations, Geology, Pollution, Soil acidity},
	issn = {95-477},
	url = {http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0477/report.pdf},
	author = {Flohr, Marta J. K and Dillenburg, Roberta G and Plumlee, Geoffrey S}
}
@article {3819,
	title = {Elevational Trends in the Fluxes of Sulphur and Nitrogen in Throughfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountains: Some Surprising Results},
	journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {85},
	year = {1995},
	month = {December},
	pages = {2265-2270},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles, Forests},
	author = {Shubzda, J. and Lindberg, Steven E and Garten, Charles T and Nodvin, Stephen C}
}
@article {3486,
	title = {Anakeesta Stream Acidification and Metal Contamination: Effects on a Salamander Community},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1994},
	month = {November/December},
	pages = {1311-1317},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Beech Flats, Fauna -- Population densities, Salamanders, Water pollution},
	author = {Kucken, Darlene J and Davis, J. S and Petranka, James W and Smith, Charles K}
}
@article {3815,
	title = {Clearing the Air at Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1994},
	month = {November},
	pages = {690-701},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air quality, Forests, Pollution},
	author = {Shaver, Christine L and Tonnessen, Kathy A and Maniero, Tonnie G}
}
@article {3596,
	title = {Acid Deposition Alters Red Spruce Physiology: Laboratory Studies Support Field Observations},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1993},
	month = {March},
	pages = {380-386},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Red spruce, Soil acidity},
	author = {McLaughlin, Samuel B and Tjoelker, Mark G and Roy, W. Kelly}
}
@article {3530,
	title = {Throughfall Studies of Deposition to Forest Edges and Gaps in Montane Ecosystems},
	journal = {Biogeochemistry},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {173-194},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air quality, Clingmans Dome, Ecosystem, Forest canopy, Forests, Fraser fir, Pollution},
	author = {Lindberg, Steven E and Owens, J. G}
}
@article {3757,
	title = {The Effects of Stream Acidity on Benthic Invertebrate Communities in the South-Eastern United-States},
	journal = {Freshwater Biology},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1992},
	month = {April},
	pages = {193-209},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles, Air pollution, Insects},
	author = {Rosemond, A. D and Reice, S. R and Elwood, J. W and Mulholland, Patrick                            J}
}
@article {3597,
	title = {Growth and Physiological Changes in Red Spruce Saplings Associated with Acidic Deposition at High Elevations in the Southern Appalachians, USA},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1992},
	month = {August},
	pages = {43-51},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Red spruce, Soil acidity, Trees -- Decay},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90470-T},
	author = {McLaughlin, Samuel B and Tjoelker, Mark G}
}
@article {3418,
	title = {Nutrient Cycling in Red Spruce Forests of the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {21},
	year = {1991},
	month = {June},
	pages = {769-787},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Red spruce, Soils, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Johnson, Dale W and Van Miegroet, Helga and Lindberg, Steven E and Todd, Donald E and Harrison, Robert B}
}
@article {3554,
	title = {Atmospheric Pollutant Deposition to High Elevation Ecosystems},
	journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
	volume = {24A},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {2767-2776},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air pollution, Air quality, Ozone},
	author = {Lovett, Gary M and Kinsman, John D}
}
@article {6111,
	title = {Effects of Acidic Precipitation on the Soil Chemistry and Bioavailability of Aluminum, Manganese, and Copper},
	year = {1990},
	month = {December },
	institution = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
	address = {Oak Ridge, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition -- Heavy metals, Forests, Fraser fir, Pollution, Red spruce, Soil acidity},
	issn = {Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 3507; ORNL//TM-11569},
	author = {Stam, Alan Christie and McLaughlin, Samuel B and McCormick, J. F}
}
@proceedings {5359,
	title = {Laurel Branch Acid Precipitation Mitigation Program:  An Overview},
	journal = {First Annual Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Conference},
	year = {1990},
	month = {November},
	pages = {33},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Bodies of water, Ecosystem, Laurel Branch},
	author = {Eggleton, Michael A and Morgan, Eric L and Pennington, Wendell L}
}
@mastersthesis {6069,
	title = {Effects of Acidic Precipitation on the Soil Chemistry and Bioavailability of Aluminum, Manganese, and Copper},
	year = {1989},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Ecology, Sediments -- Heavy metals, Soil acidity, Soils},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3273/},
	author = {Stam, Alan Christie}
}
@proceedings {5553,
	title = {Proceedings Sixth Annual Gatlinburg Acid Rain Conference},
	journal = {Gatlinburg Acid Rain Conference},
	year = {1989},
	month = {October},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition -- Heavy metals, Climate, Forests, Ozone, Red spruce, Soils, Trees -- Growth, Water pollution},
	author = {Weaver, Linda A and Tennessee Valley Authority}
}
@proceedings {5554,
	title = {Proceedings Fifth Annual Gatlinburg Acid Rain Conference},
	journal = {Gatlinburg Acid Rain Conference},
	year = {1988},
	month = {September},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Geology, Red spruce, Soils, Water pollution},
	author = {Olem, Harvey and Tennessee Valley Authority}
}
@proceedings {5549,
	title = {Proceedings Fourth Annual Gatlinburg Acid Rain Conference},
	journal = {Gatlinburg Acid Rain Conference},
	year = {1987},
	month = {October},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority },
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air pollution, Forests, Ozone, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Olem, Harvey and Tennessee Valley Authority}
}
@proceedings {5532,
	title = {Proceedings Third Annual Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians},
	journal = {Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1986},
	month = {December},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Forests, Geology, Ozone, Soil acidity, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth decline, Water pollution},
	author = {Olem, Harvey and Tennessee Valley Authority}
}
@proceedings {5531,
	title = {Proceedings Second Annual Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians},
	journal = {Acid Rain Conference for the Southern Appalachians},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1985},
	month = {November},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Fishes, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth decline, Vegetation monitoring, Water quality},
	author = {Olem, Harvey and Tennessee Valley Authority}
}
@article {4722,
	title = {Herpetofauna of the Spruce-Fir Ecosystem in the Southern Appalachian Mountain Regions, With Emphasis on the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {155-167},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Amphibians, Anakeesta Formation, Reptiles, Salamanders, Snakes, Spruce-Fir forests},
	issn = {SER - 71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Mathews, Raymond C and Echternacht, Arthur C}
}
@proceedings {6087,
	title = {Monitoring and Reserch Related to Atmospheric Deposition in Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program:  Aquatic Effects Task Group and Terrestrial Effects Task Group Peer Review},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November 13-16},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture },
	address = {Asheville, NC},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air pollution},
	author = {Eagar, Christopher C and White, Peter S and Silsbee, David G}
}
@article {6426,
	title = {Acid Rain Impact Upon the Blue Ridge Snail, Virtinizonites latissimus (Lewis), and an Assessment for its Usefulness for Indicating Acid Rain Perturbation and Other Selected Soil Factors},
	year = {1983},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory },
	type = {circa},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Slugs and snails, Soils},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Caldwell_AcidRainImpactUponBlueRidgeSnail_circa1983.pdf},
	author = {Caldwell, Ronald S}
}
@proceedings {6159,
	title = {Monitoring Aspects of Acid Precipitation and Related Effects on Stream Systems in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 1st Annual Meeting of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)},
	year = {1980},
	month = {November 24-25},
	address = {Arlington, VA},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air pollution, Bodies of water, Ecosystem},
	author = {Mathews, Raymond C and Larson, Gary L}
}
@conference {11808,
	title = {Atmospheric Deposition Studies in theGreat Smoky Mountains National Park},
	booktitle = {2nd Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks},
	year = {1979},
	month = {November 26-30},
	pages = {128},
	publisher = {National Park Service, Southeast Region},
	organization = {National Park Service, Southeast Region},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air quality, Precipitation, Streams},
	author = {Mathews, Raymond C and Larson, Gary L and Silsbee, David G}
}
@article {11843,
	title = {A Brief Review of Causes and Consequences of Acid Precipitation (Rain and Snow) in Relation to Potential Effects on the Resources of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1978},
	note = {Includes a lengthy bibliography.},
	pages = {28},
	publisher = {U.S. National Park Service, Uplands Field Research Lab},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Fauna, Flora, Soils, Water quality},
	author = {Larson, Gary L and Silsbee, David G}
}
@article {3564,
	title = {Correlation of Mineral Composition and Leachate Concentration for Anakeesta Pyrite Deposits in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park},
	journal = {Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society},
	volume = {173},
	year = {1977},
	pages = {Entry 182},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition -- Heavy metals, Geology, Pollution, Sediments -- Heavy metals},
	author = {Maas, Richard P and Nave, Samuel}
}
@proceedings {6160,
	title = {Acid Drainage Toxicity and Assessment of Sodium Hydroxide Neutralization in Streams of the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {1st. Conference on Science Research in National Parks},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1976},
	month = {November 9-12},
	pages = {559-564},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Beech Flats, Trout, Water pollution, Water quality},
	author = {Mathews, Raymond C and Sinks, J. D and Morgan, Eric L}
}
@proceedings {6156,
	title = {Aluminum Precipation, Beech Flats and Walker{\textquoteright}s Prong Creeks, Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {1st Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks},
	volume = {II},
	year = {1976},
	month = {November 9-12},
	pages = {715-718},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service},
	address = {New Orleans},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air pollution, Beech Flats, Trout, Water pollution},
	author = {Herrmann, Ray and Morgan, Eric L and Green, R. L},
	editor = {Linn, Robert M}
}
