@mastersthesis {12575,
	title = {Population dynamics and ecophysiology of fraser fir (Abies fraseri) in the high elevation forests in the southern Appalachian mountains},
	volume = {Doctor of Philosophy},
	year = {2015},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Ecology, Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4814\&context=utk_graddiss},
	author = {Kaylor, Steven Douglas}
}
@article {5149,
	title = {Regeneration responses to exogenous disturbance gradients in southern Appalachian Picea-Abies forests},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {289},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Tables},
	month = {February},
	pages = {98-105},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Soil acidity, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Stehn, Sarah E and Jenkins, Michael A and Webster, Christopher R and Jose, Shibu}
}
@article {4520,
	title = {Using Silviculture to Influence Carbon Sequestration in Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Forests},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {June 4},
	pages = {300-316},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Vegetation monitoring},
	url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/3/2/300$\#$cite},
	author = {Moore, Patrick T and DeRose, R. Justin and Long, James N and Van Miegroet, Helga}
}
@article {3859,
	title = {High-elevation Ground-layer Plant Community Composition Across Environmental Gradients in Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Ecological Research},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Maps, Figures},
	month = {November},
	pages = {1089-1101},
	keywords = {Biology, Ecology, Flora, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soil acidity, Soils, Trees},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/j530653456818350/},
	author = {Stehn, Sarah E and Webster, Christopher R and Jenkins, Michael A and Jose, Shibu}
}
@inbook {2856,
	title = {Altitudinal Gradients of Bryophyte Diversity and Community Assemblage in Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	booktitle = {Proceedings from the Conference on the Ecology and Management of High-Elevation Forests in the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {226},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research},
	organization = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research},
	address = {Newtown, PA},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Insects, Liverworts, Mosses, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr-p-64papers/43-stehn-p-64.pdf},
	author = {Stehn, Sarah E and Webster, Christopher R and Glime, Janice M and Jenkins, Michael A},
	editor = {Rentch, James S and Schuler, Thomas M}
}
@article {3858,
	title = {Elevational Gradients of Bryophyte Diversity, Life Forms, and Community Assemblage in the Southern Appalachian Mountains},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2010},
	month = {November},
	pages = {2164-2174},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Fauna, Flora, Fraser fir, Insects, Red spruce, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/X10-156},
	author = {Stehn, Sarah E and Webster, Christopher R and Glime, Janice M and Jenkins, Michael A}
}
@article {3707,
	title = {Evolutionary History of Two Endemic Appalachian Conifers Revealed Using Microsatellite Markers},
	journal = {Conservation Genetics},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {June},
	pages = {1499-1513},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Fraser fir, Trees -- Classification and description},
	url = {http://www4.ncsu.edu/~frampton/personnel/documents/2009Evolutionaryhistoryof2endemicAppalachainconifers.pdf},
	author = {Potter, Kevin Mark and Frampton, John and Josserand, Sedley A and Nelson, C. Dana}
}
@article {4891,
	title = {Ground-layer Bryophyte Communities of Post-adelgid Picea-Abies Forests},
	journal = {Southeastern Naturalist},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	pages = {435-452},
	publisher = {Eagle Hill Institute},
	chapter = {435},
	address = {Steuben, ME},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Liverworts, Mosses, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1656/058.009.0303},
	author = {Stehn, Sarah E and Webster, Christopher R and Glime, Janice M and Jenkins, Michael A}
}
@article {3705,
	title = {On the Scarcity of Red Spruce (Picea rubens) and Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri) iSn the Beech Gaps of Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science},
	volume = {126},
	year = {2010},
	month = {fall},
	pages = {98-104},
	keywords = {Fauna, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soils, Trees, Trees -- Growth},
	url = {http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/jncas\&CISOPTR=3959},
	author = {Poteat, Monica and Vandermast, David B}
}
@mastersthesis {4102,
	title = {Influence of Exogenous Distribution of Bryophyte Community Assemblage and Tree Regeneration Dynamics in Southern Appalachian SPruce-Fir Forests},
	year = {2009},
	school = {Michigan Technological University},
	type = {Master of Science},
	address = {Michigan},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Liverworts, Mosses, Red spruce, Trees},
	author = {Stehn, Sarah E}
}
@article {2936,
	title = {Microfungi of Forest Litter From Healthy American Beech, Fraser Fir, and Eastern Hemlock Stands in Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Southeastern Naturalist},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	pages = {609-630},
	keywords = {All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory, American beech, Flora -- Classification and description, Forests, Fraser fir, Fungi, Hemlocks, Red spruce},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1656/058.008.0404},
	author = {Baird, Richard E and Sandra Woolfolk and Watson, Clarence E}
}
@article {3778,
	title = {Species Assemblages of Tree Canopy Myxomycetes Related to Bark pH},
	journal = {Castanea},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	month = {June},
	pages = {93-104},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Flora -- Classification and description, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2179/08-020.1},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2179/08-020.1},
	author = {Scarborough, Angela R and Keller, Harold W and Ely, Joseph S}
}
@article {4994,
	title = {Are Threatened High-Elevation Spruce-Fir Forests Impacted by Aluminum Toxicity and Calcium Loss?},
	year = {2008},
	month = {circa},
	institution = {Michigan Technological University},
	address = {Houghton, MI},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Air quality, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soil acidity, Soils},
	issn = {PMIS 110118},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Webster_AreThretenedHighElevationSpruceFirForestsImpactedByAluminumToxicityAndCalciumLoss_2008.pdf},
	author = {Webster, Christopher R}
}
@article {3756,
	title = {Coarse Woody Debris in a Southern Appalachian Spruce-fir Forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Natural Areas Journal},
	volume = {28},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {October},
	pages = {342-355},
	keywords = {Ecology, Ecosystem, Flora, Fraser fir, Insects, Red spruce, Soils, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_rose005.pdf},
	author = {Rose, Anita Kristine and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {4518,
	title = {Examination of Forest Recovery Scenarios in a Southern Appalachian Picea {\textendash} Abies Forest},
	journal = {Forestry },
	volume = {81},
	year = {2008},
	month = {February},
	pages = {183-194},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees -- Growth},
	url = {http://forestry.oxfordjournals.org/content/81/2/183.full.pdf+html},
	author = {Moore, Patrick T and Van Miegroet, Helga and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {3706,
	title = {Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Fraser fir (Abies fraseri): A Microsatellite Assessment of Young Trees},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {August },
	pages = {2128-2137},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Insects, Trees},
	author = {Potter, Kevin Mark and Frampton, John and Josserand, Sedley A and Nelson, C. Dana}
}
@article {3898,
	title = {Carbon Sources and Sinks in High-Elevation Spruce-fir Forests of the Southeastern US},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {238},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {January},
	pages = {249-260},
	keywords = {Climate, Fraser fir, Minerals, Red spruce, Soils},
	author = {Van Miegroet, Helga and Moore, Patrick T and Tewksbury, C. E and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {3334,
	title = {The Influence of Logging and Topography on the Distribution of Spruce-Fir Forests Near Their Southern Limits in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA},
	journal = {Plant Ecology},
	volume = {189},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {March},
	pages = {59-70},
	keywords = {Conservation, Fraser fir, Logging, Red spruce, Topography},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11258-006-9166-8?null},
	author = {Hayes, Matthew D and Moody, Aaron and White, Peter S and Costanza, Jennifer L}
}
@article {2935,
	title = {Microfungi from Bark of Healthy and Damaged American Beech, Fraser Fir, and Eastern Hemlock Trees During an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory in Forests of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Southeastern Naturalist},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	pages = {67-82},
	keywords = {American beech, Flora, Fraser fir, Fungi, Hemlocks, Trees},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1656/1528-7092\%282007\%296\%5B67\%3AMFBOHA\%5D2.0.CO\%3B2},
	author = {Baird, Richard E and Waston, Clarence E and Sandra Woolfolk}
}
@article {4519,
	title = {Relative Role of Understory and Overstory in Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in a Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest},
	journal = { Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {December},
	pages = {2689-2700},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Vegetation monitoring, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Moore, Patrick T and Van Miegroet, Helga and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {6112,
	title = {Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics along a Climatic Gradient in a Southern Appalachian Spruce-fir Forest},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2007},
	month = {July},
	pages = {1161-1172},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Tewksbury, C. E and Van Miegroet, Helga}
}
@article {6416,
	title = {The Tsuga Search Project: Documenting and Preserving Superlative Eastern Hemlock},
	year = {2007},
	note = {"This project was funded primarily by Appalachian Arborists, Inc., Asheville, NC and in part by a NPS Challenge Cost Share Program Gratn, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN."},
	month = {circa},
	institution = {Eastern Native Tree Society},
	keywords = {Chestnuts, Conservation, Fraser fir, Hemlocks, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	isbn = {IRMA 2174290},
	author = {Blozan, William F and Riddle, Jess D}
}
@mastersthesis {4090,
	title = {Evolutionary History and Genetic Conservation of Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.)},
	year = {2006},
	school = {North Carolina State University},
	type = {Ph.D.},
	address = {Raleigh, NC},
	keywords = {Conservation, Forests, Fraser fir, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/5794},
	author = {Potter, Kevin Mark}
}
@article {3269,
	title = {Relationships Among Forest Soil C Isotopic Composition, Partitioning, and Turnover Times},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2006},
	month = {September},
	pages = {2157-2167},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Forests, Fraser fir, Soils},
	author = {Garten, Charles T}
}
@article {3414,
	title = {Refugial Forests of the Southern Appalachians: Photosynthesis and Survival in Current-Year Abies fraseri Seedlings},
	journal = {Tree Physiology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2005},
	month = {November},
	pages = {1379-1387},
	keywords = {Climate, Forests, Fraser fir, Insects, Pollution},
	author = {Johnson, Daniel M and Smith, William K}
}
@article {5721,
	title = {Changes in the Great Smoky Mountains Fraser Fir Forest (1990-2000)},
	year = {2004},
	month = {October},
	institution = {University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/changesingreatsm00manc},
	author = {Mancusi, Michael R and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {3162,
	title = {Is Coarse Woody Debris a Net Sink or Source of Nitrogen in the Red Spruce - Fraser Fir Forest of the Southern Appalachians, USA?},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {March},
	pages = {716-727},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce},
	author = {Creed, Irena F and Morrison, D. L and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {3070,
	title = {Red Spruce Dynamics in an Old Southern Appalachian Forest},
	journal = {Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society},
	volume = {131},
	year = {2004},
	month = {October-December},
	pages = {337-342},
	keywords = {Forest canopy, Forests, Fraser fir, Mount Collins, Red spruce},
	author = {Busing, Richard T}
}
@article {3402,
	title = {Impact of the Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges piceae Ratz.) on an Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Dominated Stand near the Summit of Mount LeConte, Tennessee},
	journal = {Castanea},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2003},
	month = {June},
	pages = {109-118},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Mount Le Conte, Red spruce, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Jenkins, Michael A}
}
@mastersthesis {4057,
	title = {GIS Modeling of Spruce/Fir Distribution and its Lower Boundary in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	school = {University of North Carolina},
	type = {Master of Art},
	address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Geographic information systems, Geography, Logging, Red spruce, Trees -- Classification and description},
	author = {Hayes, Matthew D},
	editor = {Moody, Aaron}
}
@article {10404,
	title = {Losing the Forest and the Trees},
	journal = {National Parks},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2002},
	month = {November/December},
	pages = {18-22},
	keywords = {Air pollution, Conservation, Fraser fir, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Oa_eVUD10MkC\&pg=PA18\&dq=national+parks+magazines\&source=gbs_toc_r\&cad=2$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Wilkinson, Todd}
}
@article {2943,
	title = {Variation in Overstory Nitrogen Uptake in a Small, High-Elevation Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Watershed},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	month = {October},
	pages = {1741-1752},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Watersheds, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/x02-098},
	author = {Barker, M. and Van Miegroet, Helga and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Creed, Irena F}
}
@article {2914,
	title = {Spectral Response and Spatial Pattern of Fraser fir Mortality and Regeneration, Great Smoky Mountains, USA},
	journal = {Plant Ecology},
	volume = {156},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {September},
	pages = {59-74},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Forests, Fraser fir, Geographic information systems, Red spruce, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/v8440x84tg047wh5/},
	author = {Allen, Thomas R and Kupfer, John A}
}
@article {5045,
	title = {Is There Synchronicity in Nitrogen Input and Output Fluxes at the Noland Divide Watershed, a Small N-Saturated Forested Catchment in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {The Scientific World Journal},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Maps},
	pages = {480-492},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition, Climate, Ecosystem, Fraser fir, Pollution, Red spruce, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.tswj.com/2001/378681/abs/},
	author = {Van Miegroet, Helga and Creed, Irena F and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Tarboton, D. G and Webster, K. L and Shubzda, J. and Robinson, B. and Smoot, James L and Johnson, Dale W and Lindberg, Steven E and Lovett, G. and Nodvin, Stephen C and Moore, Stephen E}
}
@article {2913,
	title = {Application of Spherical Statistics to Change Vector Analysis of Landsat Data: Southern Appalachian                        Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {December},
	pages = {482-493},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Flora, Fraser fir, Mapping, Red spruce, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Allen, Thomas R and Kupfer, John A}
}
@article {3268,
	title = {Nitrogen Saturation and Soil N Availability in a High-Elevation Spruce and Fir Forest},
	journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2000},
	month = {June},
	pages = {295-313},
	keywords = {Climate, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soils},
	author = {Garten, Charles T}
}
@article {5229,
	title = {Size- and Age-Class Distributions of Fraser Fir Following Balsam Woolly Adelgid Infestation},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Tables},
	month = {June},
	pages = {948-957},
	publisher = {NRC Research Press},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Trees -- Decay, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Trees -- Growth, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x00-028$\#$.VNoVbEjEMbA},
	author = {Smith, George F and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {3837,
	title = {Patterns of Overstory Composition in the FIr and Fir-Spruce Forests of the Great Smoky Mountains After Balsam Woolly Adelgid Infestation},
	journal = {The American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {139},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Full text of this article is provided by BioOne, a site for scientific collaboration. "BioOne does not endorse, review, or authorize the content stated on this site."},
	pages = {340-352},
	keywords = {Fauna, Flora, Fraser fir, Insects, Red spruce, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1674/0003-0031\%281998\%29139\%5B0340\%3APOOCIT\%5D2.0.CO\%3B2},
	author = {Smith, George F and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {3719,
	title = {Response of Avian Communities to Distrubance by an Exotic Insect in Spruce-Fir Forests of the Southern Appalachains},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {February},
	pages = {177-189},
	keywords = {Birds, Fauna, Fraser fir, Insects, Red spruce, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96085.x/pdf},
	author = {Rabenold, Kerry N and Fauth, Peter T and Goodner, Bradley W and Sadowski, Jennifer A and Parker, Patricia G}
}
@mastersthesis {4030,
	title = {A Study of Epixylic Bryophyte Ecology on Frasser Fir Logs in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Illustrations},
	month = {December},
	school = {University of Tennesse},
	type = {Master of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, Tennessee},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Liverworts, Mosses, Trees},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2383/},
	author = {Erica Renee Grimm Choberka}
}
@mastersthesis {12434,
	title = {Southern Appalachian Fir and Fir-Spruce Forest Community Changes Following Balsam Woolly Adelgid Infestation},
	volume = {Master of Science},
	year = {1997},
	month = {May},
	pages = {140},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1339/},
	author = {Smith, George Francis}
}
@article {3068,
	title = {Estimation of Tree Replacement Patterns in an Appalachian Picea-Abies Forest},
	journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1996},
	month = {October},
	pages = {685-694},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Plant succession control, Red spruce},
	author = {Busing, Richard T}
}
@article {3673,
	title = {Vegetation, Biomass, and Nitrogen Pools in a Spruce-Fir Forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club},
	volume = {123},
	year = {1996},
	month = {October-December},
	pages = {318-329},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Vegetation monitoring},
	author = {Pauley, Eric F and Nodvin, Stephen C and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Rose, Anita Kristine and Coffey, Thomas Bryan}
}
@article {3655,
	title = {Acidic Deposition, Ecosystem Processes, and Nitrogen Saturation in a High Elevation Southern Appalachian Watershed},
	journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
	volume = {85},
	year = {1995},
	month = {December},
	pages = {1647-1652},
	keywords = {Air particles -- Deposition, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Watersheds},
	author = {Nodvin, Stephen C and Van Miegroet, Helga and Lindberg, Steven E and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Johnson, Dale W}
}
@article {4221,
	title = {Regeneration of Fraser Fir After Thirty Years of Balsam Woolly Adelgid Infestation},
	year = {1995},
	month = {December 20},
	institution = {Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	keywords = {Conservation, Fraser fir, Insects, Trees -- Growth, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Smith, George F and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {3075,
	title = {Mortality Trends in a Southern Appalachian Red Spruce Population},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1994},
	month = {March},
	pages = {41-45},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees -- Growth},
	author = {Busing, Richard T and Pauley, Eric F}
}
@article {4906,
	title = {A New Southern Appalachian Species, Dasycerus bicolor (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Dasycerinae) from Declining Endemic Fir Forests},
	journal = {The Coleopterists Bulletin},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Illustrations},
	month = {September},
	pages = {265-271},
	publisher = {The Coleopterists Society},
	chapter = {265},
	keywords = {Beetles, Fauna, Fraser fir, Insects, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Wheeler, Q. D and McHugh, J. V}
}
@mastersthesis {6741,
	title = {Arthropods Associated with Leaf Litter of Fraser fir in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Illustrations},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science },
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Arthropods, Fraser fir, Trees -- Diseases and pests},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3253/},
	author = {Hughes, David Norman}
}
@article {3077,
	title = {Gradient Analysis of Old Spruce                        {\textendash} Fir Forests of the Great Smoky Mountains circa 1935},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of                        Botany},
	volume = {71},
	year = {1993},
	month = {July},
	pages = {951-958},
	keywords = {Climate, Ecosystem, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce},
	author = {Busing, Richard T and White, Peter S and Mackenzie, Mark D}
}
@article {3530,
	title = {Throughfall Studies of Deposition to Forest Edges and Gaps in Montane Ecosystems},
	journal = {Biogeochemistry},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {173-194},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air quality, Clingmans Dome, Ecosystem, Forest canopy, Forests, Fraser fir, Pollution},
	author = {Lindberg, Steven E and Owens, J. G}
}
@inbook {4790,
	title = {Characterization of Eastern U.S. Spruce-Fir Soils},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {40-63},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Fernandez, Ivan J}
}
@article {3650,
	title = {A Comparison of Overstory Community Structure in Three Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club},
	volume = {119},
	year = {1992},
	note = {<p>Maps</p>},
	month = {July-September},
	pages = {316-332},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Zedaker, Shephard M and Eagar, Christopher C}
}
@article {3651,
	title = {Seedling Recruitment and Stand Regeneration in Spruce-Fir Forests of the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club},
	volume = {119},
	year = {1992},
	month = {July-September},
	pages = {289-299},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce},
	author = {Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Zedaker, Shephard M and Eagar, Christopher C and Bonner, F. T}
}
@inbook {4785,
	title = {Spruce-fir Forests of Eastern North America},
	booktitle = {Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States},
	volume = {96},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {3-39},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {New York, NY},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Logging, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	isbn = {0-387-97786-4},
	author = {White, Peter S and Cogbill, Charles V}
}
@article {2491,
	title = {Changes in the Spruce-fir Avifauna of Mt. Guyot, Tennessee, 1967-1985},
	journal = {Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science},
	volume = {66},
	year = {1991},
	month = {October},
	pages = {207-209},
	keywords = {Birds -- Classification and description, Fraser fir, Mount Guyot, Red spruce, Yellow birch},
	author = {Alsop, Fred J}
}
@article {4759,
	title = {The Latitude-Elevation Relationship for Spruce-Fir Forest and Treeline along the Appalachian Mountain Chain},
	journal = {Vegetatio},
	volume = {94},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {July},
	pages = {153-175},
	keywords = {Climate, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Cogbill, Charles V and White, Peter S}
}
@article {6111,
	title = {Effects of Acidic Precipitation on the Soil Chemistry and Bioavailability of Aluminum, Manganese, and Copper},
	year = {1990},
	month = {December },
	institution = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory},
	address = {Oak Ridge, TN},
	keywords = {Acid rain, Air particles -- Deposition -- Heavy metals, Forests, Fraser fir, Pollution, Red spruce, Soil acidity},
	issn = {Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 3507; ORNL//TM-11569},
	author = {Stam, Alan Christie and McLaughlin, Samuel B and McCormick, J. F}
}
@proceedings {5364,
	title = {Forest Decline and Regeneration Success of the Great Smoky Mountains Spruce-Fir},
	journal = {First Annual Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Conference},
	year = {1990},
	month = {November},
	pages = {44},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Growth, Trees -- Growth decline},
	author = {Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Zedaker, Shephard M}
}
@article {3672,
	title = {Patterns of Abies fraseri Regeneration in a Great Smoky Mountains Spruce-Fir Forest},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club},
	volume = {117},
	year = {1990},
	month = {October-December},
	pages = {375-381},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees, Trees -- Growth, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Pauley, Eric F and Clebsch, Edward E. C}
}
@proceedings {5363,
	title = {The Relationship Between Stand Age and Soil Nitrate Levels in High Elevation Red Spruce},
	journal = {First Annual Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Conference},
	year = {1990},
	month = {November},
	pages = {43},
	publisher = {Tennessee Valley Authority},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Mount Le Conte, Red spruce, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Joslin, J. D and Wolfe, Mark H and Robarge, W. P and Smithson, P.  A}
}
@article {3078,
	title = {Size-specific Mortality, Growth, and Structure of a Great Smoky Mountains Red Spruce Population},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1990},
	month = {February},
	pages = {206-210},
	keywords = {Forest canopy, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees, Trees -- Growth},
	author = {Busing, Richard T and Wu, Xinyuan}
}
@mastersthesis {4868,
	title = {Does Rubus Canadensis Interfere with The Growth of Fraser Fir Seedlings?},
	year = {1989},
	note = {Maps, Tables, Figures, Illustrations},
	month = {May},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Blackberries, Fraser fir, Mount Collins, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1454},
	author = {Pauley, Eric F}
}
@inbook {2849,
	title = {Regeneration Patterns of Fraser Fir on Mt. Collins, Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	booktitle = {Abstracts of the Fifteenth Annual Scientific Research Meeting, The Uplands Area of the Southeast Region National Park Service; Great Smoky Mountains National Park, May 25-26, 1989},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {6},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service},
	organization = {U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service},
	address = {Atlanta, GA},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Shrubs, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Pauley, Eric F},
	editor = {Wood, James D}
}
@article {3041,
	title = {Survey of Diseases and Insects of Fraser Fir and Red Spruce in the Southern Appalachian Mountains},
	journal = {European Journal of Forest Pathology},
	volume = {19},
	year = {1989},
	month = {June},
	pages = {389-398},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Fungi, Insects, Red spruce},
	author = {Bruck, R. I}
}
@proceedings {6188,
	title = {Albany II: An Update on Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Site and Stand Characteristics},
	journal = {The Second Workshop on Integration of Red Spruce Biological Data with Atmospheric Data},
	year = {1988},
	month = {December 1-2},
	pages = {15},
	publisher = {Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University},
	address = {Albany, NY},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Zedaker, Shephard M and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie}
}
@article {3971,
	title = {Balsam Woolly Adelgid and Spruce-Fir Interactions in the Southern Appalachian Mountains},
	journal = {Proceedings for the 1988 Society of American Foresters National Convention},
	volume = {1988},
	year = {1988},
	month = {October},
	pages = {92-96},
	publisher = {Society of American Foresters                },
	address = {Bethesda, Maryland},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Witter, John A}
}
@article {3072,
	title = {Fraser Fir Mortality and the Dynamics of a Great Smoky Mountains Fir-Spruce Stand},
	journal = {Castanea},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1988},
	month = {September},
	pages = {177-182},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Busing, Richard T and Clebsch, Edward E. C}
}
@proceedings {2846,
	title = {Interactive Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors on Growth and Physiology of Southern Red Spruce},
	journal = {US/FRG Research Symposium: Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on the Spruce-Fir Forests of the Eastern United States and the Federal Republic of Germany: October 19-23, 1987},
	year = {1988},
	month = {December},
	pages = {381-388},
	publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station},
	address = {Broomall, PA},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Flora, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees},
	url = {http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/scanned/OCR/ne_gtr120a.pdf},
	author = {McLaughlin, Samuel B and Andersen, Christian P and Hanson, Paul J and Norby, R. J and Edwards, N. T and Tardiff, R. R},
	editor = {Hertel, Gerard}
}
@article {3779,
	title = {Land Use History of Three Spruce-Fir Forest Sites in Southern Appalachia},
	journal = {Journal of Forest History},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1988},
	note = {<p>Illustrations, Maps</p>},
	month = {January},
	pages = {4-21},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Early exploration, Fraser fir, Grassy balds, History, Indian Gap, Logging, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Tourism},
	author = {Schafale, Michael P and Pyle, Charlotte}
}
@proceedings {2900,
	title = {Stand Characteristics Associated with Potential Decline of Spruce-Fir Forests in the Southern Appalachians},
	journal = {Proceedings of the US/FRG Research Symposium: Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on the Spruce-Fir Forests of the Eastern United States and the Federal Republic of Germany},
	year = {1988},
	month = {October 19-23},
	pages = {123-131},
	publisher = {U.S.D.A. Forest Service},
	address = {Burlington, VT},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Pollution, Red spruce, Trees -- Growth decline, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/scanned/OCR/ne_gtr120c.pdf},
	author = {Zedaker, Shephard M and Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and Eagar, Christopher C and White, Peter S and Burk, Thomas E}
}
@article {4628,
	title = {Application of a Spruce-Fir Forest Canopy Gap Model},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Illustrations},
	pages = {151-169},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Mount Collins, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Busing, Richard T and Clebsch, Edward E. C}
}
@article {4745,
	title = {Forest Damage on Clingman{\textquoteright}s Dome Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Summary of Current Research},
	year = {1987},
	month = {circa},
	institution = {Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Science Division},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Fraser fir, Insects, Red spruce, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Eagar_ForestImageOnClingman{\textquoteright}sDome_circa1987.pdf},
	author = {Eagar, Christopher C}
}
@article {5043,
	title = {Interactive Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors on Growth and Physiology of Southern Red Spruce},
	year = {1987},
	institution = {Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Labratory and Phyton Technologies, Oak Ridge, Tenn.},
	keywords = {Air pollution, Clingmans Dome, Flora, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/McLaughlin_InteractiveEffectsOfNaturalAndAnthropogenicFactors_1987.pdf},
	author = {McLaughlin, Samuel B and Andersen, Christian P and Hanson, Paul J and Norby, R. J and Edwards, N. T and Tardiff, R. R}
}
@article {3094,
	title = {A Multivariate Analysis of Forest Communities in the Western Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {118},
	year = {1987},
	month = {July},
	pages = {107-120},
	keywords = {Flora, Forest canopy, Forests, Fraser fir, Logging, Pollution, Red spruce, Soil acidity, Topography},
	author = {Callaway, Ragan Morrison and Clebsch, Edward E. C and White, Peter S}
}
@conference {2869,
	title = {Censuses of a Breeding Bird Population in a Virgin Spruce-Fir Forest on Mt. Guyot, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Before and After Balsam Wooly Aphid Infestation},
	booktitle = {Twelfth Annual Scientific Research Meeting, Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1986},
	month = {May},
	publisher = {National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office},
	organization = {National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office},
	address = {Johnson City, Tennessee},
	keywords = {Birds, Fauna, Flora, Fraser fir, Insects, Red spruce, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Alsop, Fred J and Laughlin, Thomas F}
}
@article {2981,
	title = {Distribution of Lactarius in the High-Elevation Forests of the Southern Appalachians},
	journal = {Mycologia},
	volume = {78},
	year = {1986},
	month = {January-February},
	pages = {80-85},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce},
	author = {Bills, Gerald F}
}
@article {4195,
	title = {The Effect of Balsam Woolly Aphid Infestation on Fuel Levels in Spruce-Fir Forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1985},
	month = {January},
	institution = {National Park Service -- Southeast Region},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Insects, Pollution, Trees -- Decay, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://www31.us.archive.org/details/effectofbalsamwo00nich},
	author = {Nicholas, Niki Stephanie and White, Peter S}
}
@article {2324,
	title = {Growth-trend Declines of Spruce and Fir in Mid-Appalachian Subalpine Forests},
	journal = {Environmental and Experimental Botany},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {315-325},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees -- Growth},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0098847285900292},
	author = {Harold S Adams and Stephenson, Steven L and Blasing, T. J and Duvick, D. N}
}
@article {4783,
	title = {History of Disturbance in Spruce-fir Forests of the SARRMC Intensive Study Sites -- Mt. Rogers National Recreation Area, Black Mountains, and Great Smoky Mountains},
	year = {1985},
	month = {December 13},
	institution = {Southern Appalachian Spruce-fir Ecosystem Assessment Program},
	keywords = {Climate, Ecosystem, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids, Yellow birch},
	author = {Pyle, Charlotte and Schafale, Michael P}
}
@mastersthesis {5342,
	title = {Investigations of Balsam Woolly Aphid-Fraser Fir Interaction:  Feeding Site Characteristics and Wound Response},
	year = {1985},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps, Tables},
	month = {June},
	pages = {1-90},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {PhD},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1604},
	author = {Eagar, Christopher C}
}
@article {3938,
	title = {Natural Disturbance and Gap Phase Dynamics in Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {233-240},
	keywords = {Conservation, Forest canopy, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees -- Growth},
	author = {White, Peter S and Mackenzie, Mark D and Busing, Richard T}
}
@article {5186,
	title = {Small Mammal Survey in the Spruce-Fir Zone of Great Smoky Mountains National park},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Ecosystem, Fraser fir, Mammals -- Classification and description, Newfound Gap, Red spruce, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Smith, Tommy R and Mouzon, Josiane M}
}
@article {4723,
	title = {Birds of Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests: Dynamics of Habitat-Island Communities},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {168-186},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Birds -- Classification and description, Birds -- Migration, Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests, Wildlife management},
	issn = {SER -71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Rabenold, Kerry N}
}
@article {3739,
	title = {Comparative Study of Composition and Distribution Patterns of Subalpine Forests in the Balsam Mountains of Southwest Virginia and the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club},
	volume = {111},
	year = {1984},
	month = {October-December},
	pages = {489-493},
	keywords = {Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Vegetation monitoring, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Rheinhardt, Richard                            D}
}
@article {4171,
	title = {Distribution and Status of the Northern Flying Squirrel and the Northern Water Shrew in the Southern Appalachians},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {193-200},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Fauna, Flora, Fraser fir, Mammals, Moles and shrews, Red spruce, Squirrels and chipmunks, Trees},
	issn = {SER-71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Linzey, Donald W}
}
@article {4716,
	title = {Late-Quaternary History of the Spruce-Fir Ecosystem in the Southern Appalachian Mountain Region},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {November},
	pages = {22-35},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Mapping, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	issn = {SER - 71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Hazel R Delcourt and Paul A Delcourt}
}
@article {4720,
	title = {Pre-Park Disturbance in the Spruce-Fir Forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Maps},
	month = {November},
	pages = {115-130},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Conservation, Forest fires -- Environmental aspects, Fraser fir, Logging, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Yellow birch},
	issn = {SER -71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {Pyle, Charlotte}
}
@article {4245,
	title = {The Southern Appalachian                        Spruce-Fir Ecosystem: Its Biology and Threats},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research                    Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Flora, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees},
	issn = {SER-71},
	author = {White, Peter S}
}
@article {4217,
	title = {A Status Report on Bryophytes of the Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {131-137},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research                    Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, Tennessee},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Mosses, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees},
	author = {Smith, David K}
}
@article {4718,
	title = {Understory Change in Spruce-Fir During the First 16-20 Years Following the Death of Fir},
	year = {1984},
	month = {November},
	pages = {51-69},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids, Yellow birch},
	issn = {SER -71},
	url = {http://ia601506.us.archive.org/0/items/southernappalach00whit/southernappalach00whit.pdf},
	author = {DeSelm, H. R and Boner, R. R}
}
@article {4998,
	title = {The Balsam Woolly Aphid and Spruce-Fir Forests: A Summary of Pertinent Information for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Interpretation Staff and the Tremont Environmental Education Center Staff},
	year = {1983},
	month = {May 1},
	institution = {Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association },
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Forests, Fraser fir, Pollution, Red spruce, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/UplandsFieldResearch_TheBalsamWoollyAphidAndSpruceFirForests_1983.pdf},
	author = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory}
}
@mastersthesis {4772,
	title = {An Examination of the Seed Rain and Seed Bank for Evidence of Seed Exchange Between a Beech Gap and a Spruce Forest in the Great Smoky Mountains},
	year = {1982},
	month = {August},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {American beech, Forests, Fraser fir, Soils, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1433},
	author = {Pavlovic, Noel Bruce}
}
@article {4153,
	title = {Final Contract Report for Regional Chief Scientist, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service On Stem Morphology and Physiology of Fraser Fir in Relation to Balsam Wolly Aphid},
	year = {1981},
	month = {April},
	institution = {University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Insects, Trees -- Decay, Trees -- Growth, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Hay, Ronald L and Eagar, Christopher C}
}
@article {3164,
	title = {On Using Horn{\textquoteright}s Markov
                        Succession Model},
	journal = {The American Naturalist},
	volume = {117},
	year = {1981},
	month = {April},
	pages = {572-574},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Forests, Fraser fir, Plant succession control, Red spruce},
	author = {Culver, David C}
}
@article {4161,
	title = {Fraser Fir and Balsam Wooly Aphid: Summary of Information},
	year = {1980},
	month = {September 30},
	institution = {The Southern Appalachian Research -- Resource Management Cooperative},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Insects, Trees -- Decay, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Johnson, Kristine D}
}
@article {5163,
	title = {Modeling Forest Dynamics of the Southern Appalachian Spruce-fir Ecosystem},
	year = {1980},
	month = {circa},
	institution = {Duke University},
	address = {Durham, NC},
	keywords = {Air pollution, Air quality, Ecosystem, Forests, Fraser fir, Pollution, Red spruce, Trees},
	author = {Maguire, Lynn A and Chang, Hising-Yi and Ce, Huang}
}
@mastersthesis {4020,
	title = {Effects of Fraser Fir Death On Population Dynamics in Southern Appalachian Boreal Ecosystem},
	year = {1979},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Master{\textquoteright}s of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Trees -- Decay, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3306/},
	author = {Boner, R. R}
}
@article {2338,
	title = {The Out-Of-Place Forest: An Ice Age Remnant in the Great Smokies},
	journal = {American Forests},
	volume = {85},
	year = {1979},
	note = {Illustrations},
	month = {May},
	pages = {30-33},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Flora, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce},
	author = {Charton, Pete}
}
@article {3718,
	title = {Foraging Strategies, Diversity, and Seasonailty in BIrd Communities of Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forests},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {48},
	year = {1978},
	month = {autumn},
	pages = {397-424},
	keywords = {Birds, Fauna, Flora, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees},
	author = {Rabenold, Kerry N}
}
@article {4154,
	title = {Fraser Fir in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Its Demise by the Balsam Woolly Aphid (Adelges Piceae Ratz.)},
	year = {1978},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {January 1},
	institution = {Department of Forestry, University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Conservation, Fraser fir, Insects, Trees -- Decay, Trees -- Growth, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/fraserfiringreat00hayr},
	author = {Hay, Ronald L and Eagar, Christopher C and Johnson, Kristine D}
}
@mastersthesis {4773,
	title = {Balsam Woolly Aphid Infestation of Fraser Fir in the Great Smoky Mountains},
	year = {1977},
	month = {August},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1434},
	author = {Johnson, Kristine D}
}
@article {4863,
	title = {Secondary Succession in the Spruce-Fir Forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1976},
	note = {Maps, Illustrations},
	institution = {National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office},
	address = {Atlanta, GA},
	keywords = {Andrews Bald, Fraser fir, Mount Buckley, Plant succession control, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	issn = {7},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/secondarysuccess00rams},
	author = {Ramseur, George S}
}
@article {5341,
	title = {Status of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park --- 1976},
	year = {1976},
	pages = {1-24},
	institution = {Uplands Field Research Laboratory},
	address = {Gatlinburg, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Spruce-Fir forests, Trees -- Diseases and pests, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/statusofbalsamwo00hayr},
	author = {Hay, Ronald L and Eagar, Christopher C and Johnson, Kristine D}
}
@article {5015,
	title = {Comparative Vegetation Analysis of Five Spruce-Fir Areas in the Southern Appalachians},
	year = {1974},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {November},
	institution = {Furman University},
	address = {Greenville, SC},
	keywords = {Climate, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Shrubs, Soils, Topography, Vegetation monitoring},
	author = {Schwarzkopf, S. Kent}
}
@article {3887,
	title = {Taxonomy of Abies in the Southern Appalachians: Variation in Balsam Monoterpenes and Wood Properties},
	journal = {Forest Science},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1974},
	month = {March},
	pages = {32-40},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Trees -- Classification and description},
	author = {Thor, Eyvind and Barnett, Paul E}
}
@article {6435,
	title = {Status of the Balsam Woolly Aphid Adelges piceae (Ratz.) in the Southern Appalachians-1972},
	year = {1973},
	month = {April},
	institution = {U.S. Forest Service},
	address = {Asheville, NC},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Woolly adelgids},
	issn = {73-1-35},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Ward_StatusOfTheBalsamWoollyAphidInTheSouthernAppalachians_1973.pdf},
	author = {Ward, J. D and Wilson, E. T and McDowell, W. E}
}
@article {6224,
	title = {Annotated List of Insects Infesting Bark and Wood of Fraser Fir},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {62},
	year = {1969},
	month = {February},
	pages = {249-250},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Insects, Spruce-Fir forests},
	author = {Amman, Gene D}
}
@article {12435,
	title = {Natural Variation in Abies of the Southern Appalachians},
	journal = {Forest Science},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1969},
	month = {September},
	pages = {238-245},
	keywords = {Fraser fir},
	author = {Robinson, John F and Thor, Eyvind}
}
@mastersthesis {12443,
	title = {Natural Variation in Abies of the Southern Appalachians},
	volume = {Master of Science},
	year = {1968},
	month = {August},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Fraser fir},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3250/},
	author = {Robinson, John F}
}
@article {10349,
	title = {Path Through the Mist Forest},
	journal = {National Parks},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1966},
	month = {May},
	pages = {21-22},
	abstract = {Describes the plants and birds seen on a hike toward the LeConte Trail.},
	keywords = {Birds, Clingmans Dome, Flora, Fraser fir, Newfound Gap},
	author = {Mellinger, Marie B}
}
@article {2924,
	title = {Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Southern Appalachian},
	journal = {Journal of Forestry},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1965},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	month = {January},
	pages = {1154-1158},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Woolly adelgids},
	author = {Amman, Gene D and Speers, Charles F}
}
@article {6810,
	title = {Forest Insect and Disease Detection Survey of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Indian Reservation North Carolina and Tennessee},
	year = {1965},
	month = {July 19},
	institution = {U. S. Forest Service},
	address = {Asheville, NC},
	keywords = {Beetles, Forests, Fraser fir, Insects, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Ciesla_ForestInsectAndDiseaseDetectionSurveyOfTheGreatSmokyMountainsNationalParkAndCherokee_1965.pdf},
	author = {Ciesla, W. M and Lambert, H. L and Franklin, R. T}
}
@article {2473,
	title = {Spruce-Fir: Self-Guiding Nature Trail},
	year = {1965},
	note = {Illustrated},
	publisher = {Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Guidebooks, Nature trails, Red spruce, Trees, Yellow birch},
	author = {Great Smoky Mountains National Park}
}
@article {4303,
	title = {Spruce-Fir: Self-Guiding Nature Trail},
	year = {1965},
	note = {Illustrated},
	publisher = {Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Guidebooks, Nature trails, Red spruce, Trees, Yellow birch},
	author = {Great Smoky Mountains National Park}
}
@mastersthesis {4086,
	title = {Bryoecology of the Appalachian Spruce-Fir Zone},
	year = {1964},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {PhD},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Mosses, Red spruce, Trees},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1608},
	author = {Norris, Daniel                            Howard}
}
@article {2474,
	title = {The Spruce-Fir Nature Trail},
	year = {1963},
	note = {Illustrated},
	month = {circa},
	publisher = {Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Guidebooks, Nature trails, Red spruce, Trees, Yellow birch},
	author = {Great Smoky Mountains National Park}
}
@article {3942,
	title = {Net Production Relations of Shrubs in the Great Smoky Mountains},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1962},
	month = {July},
	pages = {357-377},
	keywords = {American beech, Ferns, Flora, Forests, Fraser fir, Heath balds, Hemlocks, Mountain laurel, Red spruce, Rhododendrons, Shrubs},
	author = {Robert Harding Whittaker}
}
@mastersthesis {4100,
	title = {The Ecotone Between Spruce-Fir and Deciduous Forests in the Great Smoky Mountains},
	year = {1960},
	school = {Duke University},
	type = {Ph.D.},
	address = {Durham, NC},
	keywords = {Ecology, Flora, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees},
	author = {Schofield, W. B}
}
@article {3729,
	title = {Geographical Affinities of the Southern Appalachian High Mountain Flora},
	journal = {The ASB Bulletin},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1960},
	month = {April},
	pages = {37},
	keywords = {Ecosystem, Flora -- Classification and description, Fraser fir, Grassy balds, Heath balds, Red spruce},
	author = {Ramseur, George S}
}
@article {11865,
	title = {Ground Vegetation Patterns of the Spruce-Fir Area of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Virginia Journal of Science},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1960},
	pages = {9-18},
	publisher = {Virginia Academy of Science},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Climate, Ferns, Forests, Fraser fir, Lichens, Mosses, Red spruce, Shrubs, Soils},
	author = {Crandall, Dorothy Louise}
}
@article {3159,
	title = {Ground Vegetation Patterns of the Spruce-Fir Area of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	journal = {Ecological Monographs},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1958},
	note = {Illustrations; A portion of this article is also published in The Virginia Journal of Science 11 (1), 1960: 9-18.},
	month = {October},
	pages = {338-360},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Climate, Ferns, Forests, Fraser fir, Lichens, Mosses, Red spruce, Shrubs, Soils},
	author = {Crandall, Dorothy Louise}
}
@mastersthesis {5710,
	title = {Ground Vegetation Patterns of the Spruce-Fir Area of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1957},
	month = {December},
	school = {University of Tennessee},
	type = {PhD},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Fraser fir, Hardwood forests, Plant succession control, Red spruce, Spruce-Fir forests},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1624/},
	author = {Crandall, Dorothy Louise}
}
@article {3798,
	title = {Plotless Sampling Trails in Appalachian Forest Types},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1954},
	month = {April},
	pages = {237-244},
	keywords = {Ecology, Flora, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees, Vegetation monitoring},
	author = {Shanks, Royal E}
}
@mastersthesis {4771,
	title = {A Study of Plant Distribution Patterns at a Mid-Altitude Location in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1954},
	month = {August},
	school = {The University of Tennessee},
	type = {Masters of Science},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Climate, Flora, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Soils, Yellow birch},
	url = {http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1453},
	author = {Cooley, Everette H.}
}
@article {3319,
	title = {A New Flying Squirrel from the Southern Appalachian Mountains},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {66},
	year = {1953},
	month = {December 2},
	pages = {191-194},
	keywords = {Fauna, Flora, Fraser fir, Mammals, Rodents, Squirrels and chipmunks, Trees},
	author = {Handley, Charles O}
}
@article {5171,
	title = {Recent Collections of Mammals From Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1951},
	month = {December},
	institution = {Tennessee Academy of Science},
	address = {Johnson City, TN},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Indian Gap, Mammals, Mice and voles, Moles and shrews, Red spruce, Rodents},
	author = {Pfitzer, Donald W}
}
@article {4813,
	title = {Reconnaissance Survey of Pineus Pinifoliae on White Pine in Western North Carolina and Eastern Tennessee},
	year = {1951},
	month = {December},
	institution = {United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration},
	address = {Asheville, NC},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees, Woolly adelgids},
	url = {http://diglib.lib.utk.edu/dotsdata/Herkel_ReconnaissanceSurveyOfPinlusPinifol_1951.pdf},
	author = {Herkel, E. P.}
}
@article {4987,
	title = {Size-Frequency Characteristics of Abies Fraseri Pollen as Influenced by Different Methods of Preparation},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1944},
	note = {Tables},
	month = {January},
	pages = {232-236},
	publisher = {The University of Notre Dame},
	address = {South Bend, IN},
	keywords = {Clingmans Dome, Fraser fir, Soils, Soils -- Classification and description},
	author = {Cain, Stanley A}
}
@book {2509,
	title = {The Great Smokies and the Blue Ridge: The Story of the Southern Appalachians},
	year = {1943},
	note = {Illustrations, Maps},
	publisher = {The Vanguard Press},
	organization = {The Vanguard Press},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Cherokee Indians, Cherokee removal, Climate, Early exploration, Flora, Flowering plants, Folklore, Forest fires, Fraser fir, Geology, Hernando De Soto, History, Logging, Mountain life, Mountain life -- Hunting, Mountain people, Pioneers, Red spruce, Trees},
	author = {Peattie, Roderick}
}
@article {4674,
	title = {Tertiary Elements of the Cove Hardwoods Forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
	year = {1938},
	month = {May},
	institution = {University of Tennessee, Department of Botany},
	address = {Knoxville, TN},
	keywords = {Flora, Fraser fir, Red spruce, Trees},
	author = {Cain, Stanley A}
}
@article {3087,
	title = {Ecological Studies of the  Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains: II. The Quadrant Method Applied to Sampling Spruce and Fir Forest Types},
	journal = {The American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1935},
	pages = {566-584},
	keywords = {Flora -- Classification and description, Forests, Fraser fir, Red spruce},
	author = {Cain, Stanley A}
}
